The results of determining the technological quality of flax straw during processing using traditional technology are presented: yield and number of long and short fibres, total fibre yield, and complex indicators – per centimetres of flax long-stem varieties of various selections. On average, a comparative analysis of the actual values of these characteristics with the standardised values in the norms for fibre yield and quality from retted flax straw was carried out without considering the distinctive features of the varieties. It was established that compliance with the criteria per centimetres of long fibres, as the main product obtained from flax straw of different quality, ranges from 69.6% to 94.0%, and for per centimetres of short threads from 102.1% to 118.7%. As a result of studying the composition of varieties based on these characteristics to justify the choice of the most rational raw material utilisation option during processing, types with maximum and minimum values per centimetres of long fibres were identified, which are the primary criterion for the efficiency of flax processing enterprises. Based on the results of differentiated analysis by varieties with different qualities of flax straw, it is recommended to use the processing technology for both long and short fibres for such varieties as Diplomat, Alexim, Grant, Veralin, Suzanne (flax straw number 1.00), Sursky, Tost, Tverskoy, Grant, Lyra, Leader (flax straw number 1.50), Sursky, Leader, Electra, Lyra, Tverskoy, Lenok (flax straw number 2.00). For these varieties, the maximum values per centimetre of long fibres range from 98.0% to 187.9. Flax straw of sorts with the minimum value of this complex indicator is advisable to process into uniform or short wool. These include the following flax long-stem varieties: Tomsky 18, Universal, Fakel, Electra (low-quality flax straw), Tomsky 16, A-29, Praleska (medium-quality flax straw), Dashkovsky, Vasilik, Tost (high-quality flax straw). It is concluded that it is necessary to consider the distinctive features of varieties simultaneously with the quality of flax straw, which will significantly expand the possibilities for ensuring the profitable operation of enterprises.

The study was conducted from 2019 to 2022 with sour cherry varieties cultivated in the conditions of the mountainous province of Dagestan. The research objects were 13 introduced acidic cherry varieties of different ecological and geographical origins. Productivity and assessing the fruit quality parameters were studied using standard methods of variety research and biochemical analysis. It was determined that the varieties Shaten Morel, Heyman Konservn, Vladimirskaia, and Basler Adler are characterised by the highest content of soluble dry matter (14.66–16.21%) and sugars (10.15–11.30%) in the fruits. The varieties Krasa Severa, Basler Adler, Shaten Morel, and Liubskaia proved to be the most valuable in terms of the mass concentration of vitamin C (8.95–10.43 mg%). Liubskaia, Shaten Morel, and Padus Maaki had a higher acid content than the reference variety Podbelskaia (1.24%). Varieties Krasa Severa, Chudo-vishnia, Heyman Konservn, and Basler Adler exhibited large fruit sizes (4.8–6.9 g). The sensory evaluation of the fruits was high (within the range of 4.8–5.0 points on a five-point scale) for the varieties Chudo-vishnia, Heyman Konservn, and Basler Adler. These same varieties demonstrated consistently high yields (5.21–7.66 t/ha) over the years of the study. The results of the comprehensive analysis of the cherry assortment allowed the identification of varieties that are most promising for cultivation on an industrial scale in the territory of Dagestan and use in breeding – Chudo-vishnia, Heyman Konservn, Basler Adler, Krasa Severa, and Shaten Morel.

Research on the influence of autumn plant condition as a factor affecting the cold hardiness of winter wheat, rye, and triticale was conducted at the Siberian Scientific Research Institute of Plant Growing and Breeding, a branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, from 2018 to 2021. Morphological indicators of pre-winter plant condition in cereal crops (plant height, number of tillering shoots, and green mass) are primarily associated with the sowing date (contributing to 54.68–85.86%) and genotypic characteristics of winter crops (contributing to 3.63–22.81%). The best morphological indicators were observed with the first sowing date, which decreased by the third sowing date. Over the research period, more vigorous growth, the formation of tillering shoots, and the development of green mass were observed in winter rye compared to triticale and wheat, regardless of the sowing date. In addition to morphological changes in plants, biochemical changes were also observed (sugar content in the tillering node). The accumulation of sugars was influenced by the meteorological conditions of the year (contributing to 30.36%) and determined by the biological characteristics of the crop (contributing to 18.69%). High sugar content in the node of tillering of rye was found in 2020 - 34.3–43.4%, in wheat - 22.8–32.5%, and in triticale - 28.4–37.3%, which can be explained by excellent vegetative conditions promoting the accumulation of more sugars in the node of tillering of plants. At different sowing dates, high sugar content was observed in winter rye: in the first - 36.5%, the second - 26.8%, and the third - 31.3%. Triticale exceeded winter rye in sugar content in the second - 29.5% and third sowing date - 33.0%. Winter rye exhibited high morphological and biochemical indicators in autumn, contributing to its high cold hardiness (80–100%) at different sowing dates. A positive correlation was established with plant height and tillering coefficient (r =0.90*–0.91*), indicating increased cold hardiness with these traits. Wheat and triticale significantly lagged behind rye due to their lower resistance to extreme negative temperatures compared to rye. It was found that an increase in linear growth promotes increased cold hardiness, the formation of tillering shoots, and the amount of sugars in the node of tillering (r =0.34…0.93*) in wheat and the maximum height and number of tillering shoots (r =0.84*…0.94*) in triticale in the autumn period.

One of the first stages of classical breeding work is the search for sources to include in subsequent hybridisation, with VIR being the leading supplier of such resources. In the Siberian region, crop samples must be adapted to local adverse environmental conditions while maintaining high seed productivity. It makes the research relevant, aiming to find sources for inclusion in the breeding process. It makes the research suitable, seeking sources for inclusion in the breeding process. The authors studied 120 pea samples from the VIR collection in the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk Forest steppe from 2017 to 2022. Three sets of examples of different origins were learned over three years in different periods: 2017–2019, 2018–2020, and 2020–2022, with the number of samples examined in these periods being 35, 42, and 43, respectively. The authors evaluated seed mass per plant, the number of seeds per plant, and pod wrinkling to analyse seed productivity. The average hands of "seed mass per plant" for all sets (in all study periods) were below the standard: the standard was 5.01, 6.10, and 7.88 g, while the average value of seed mass per plant was 3.90, 4.34, and 5.49 g, with a 95% confidence level of 0.41, 0.45, and 0.35, respectively. Among the studied samples from the VIR collection in the region, when grouping pieces by origin, representatives from Ukrainian selection and the Voronezh region stood out in terms of the "seed mass per plant" indicator. However, some samples exhibited better hands in samples that showed negative results. Considering seed productivity among the studied pieces from the VIR collection, along with their technological characteristics, it is recommended to use the samples Glance (k-9636) from Ukraine and SH-95-66 (k-10010) from Bulgaria as sources for breeding work in the conditions of Eastern Siberia.

This paper presents the results of assessing the reproductive seed quality of Clarkia amoena (Lehm) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr) seeds during storage under laboratory conditions (temperature 20–22°C). The seeds were stored in paper bags for eight years. The authors selected seed samples from pods of varying degrees of maturity (open and closed) and different positions on the mother plant (branches of other orders). The authors set up three groups based on their location on the mother plant: 1) Sixty-four seed samples were formed on the main stem (firstorder branches); 2) Sixty-four seed samples were created on second-order branches; 3) Sixty-four seed samples were created on third-order branches and two groups based on fruit maturity: open and closed pods. In total, 192 seed samples were evaluated. Seed quality assessment was conducted annually in April, following GOST 24933.081 standards for flower crop seeds. The initial laboratory germination of seeds ranged from 69% for samples taken from closed pods on third-order branches to 97% for samples taken from open pods on the main stem. It decreased with an increase in the seed storage period according to a linear regression equation: Y = 7.673–0.064X, where Y is the storage duration, and X is the seed germination rate. Over eight years of storage, the 1000-seed mass decreased by 37.2% for samples from the main stem's open pods and 30.3% for samples from closed pods, by 43.6% and 46.8% for second-order branches, and by 46.1% and 50.9% for third-order extensions, respectively. On average, the 1000-seed mass decreased by 0.2 g for all samples over eight years of storage. Regression and correlation analyses (Pearson's coefficient) revealed significant negative relationships between storage duration and seed germination energy (r = –0.849), germination rate (r = –0.853), and 1000-seed mass (r = –0.790). A strong positive correlation was observed between seed mass and viability (r = 0.886). Over eight years of storage, seeds from the main stem lost their germination rate to 18–23%, significantly lower than the initial rate. In contrast, second-order branch seeds decreased by half, and roots from third-order branches completely lost viability. A multidimensional model of the interaction of factors—storage duration and branch order—on seed viability under ex-situ conditions was constructed, demonstrating that the overall viability of Clarkia amoena seeds is maintained for 4–5 years.

The paper presents the results of studying the heritability coefficients of key productivity elements (number of pods per plant, number and mass of seeds per plant) in second-generation hybrid populations of lentils. The authors conducted the study from 2020 to 2022 on an experimental plot at the educational and experimental farm of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Omsk SAU in the southern foreststeppe of the Omsk Region. The hydrotechnical coefficient values indicated arid conditions in 2020 (HTC = 0.62) and 2021 (HTC = 0.68) and slightly dry conditions in 2022 (HTC = 1.02). The soil of the experimental plot is meadow-chernozem, moderately thick (45 cm), with low humus content (3.95% humus), and rather clayey (35% physical clay) with a soil solution reaction close to neutral (pH – 6.5). The predecessor crop was spring soft wheat. Four collection samples of lentils with a set of economically valuable traits of different eco-geographical origins were studied: k-2888 (Moldova), k-2849 (Russia, Altai Krai), Rauza (Russia, Oryol Region), Vekhovskaya (Russia, Saratov Region), and four hybrids F2 obtained as a result of hybridisation: k-2888 x Rauza, k-2888 x Vekhovskaya, k-2849 x Rauza, k-2849 x Vekhovskaya. The analysis of the received data showed that the number of pods and seeds per plant is characterised by high heritability (H2 = 54.8% and H2 = 56.1%, respectively). In comparison, the seed mass per plant has low heritability (H2 = 21.7%). It means that genetic indicators determine the phenotypic variability of the number of pods and seeds per plant. In contrast, environmental conditions influence the seed mass per plant during the growing season. Promising in practical lentil breeding for increasing productivity, considering three leading indicators, are the hybrid combinations k-2888 x Rauza and k-2888 x Vekhovskaya.

The paper provides data on the comparative assessment of early potato varieties on two main soil types in the forest-steppe of Priobye. The experiments were conducted from 2020 to 2022 in the Novosibirsk District of the Novosibirsk Region on leached chernozem soil at the "Praktik" Experimental Farm (a division of Novosibirsk SAU) and on grey forest heavy loamy soil at CJSC agricultural enterprise "Michurinets." The research aimed to study the efficiency of using the modern gene pool of early potato varieties and to explore ways to improve their virus-free seed production. The study achieved high potato variety yields in conditions of leached chernozem soil ("Praktik") and grey forest heavy loamy soil (CJSC agricultural enterprise "Michurinets") located in the northern forest-steppe of the Novosibirsk Priobye. Leached chernozem on experimental plots had a humus content of 6.76%, gross nitrogen of 0.24%, phosphorus of 0.21%, and potassium 1.25%. The concentration of quickly hydrolysable nitrogen was 12.3, mobile phosphorus was 25.2, and exchangeable potassium was 12 mg/100 g of soil, with a pH of 5.89. Grey forest soil contained 3.8% humus with a pH of 5.53; Nitrate nitrogen of about 10 mg/kg; mobile phosphorus of 12.8 mg/100 g; Exchangeable potassium of 9.2 mg/100 g of soil. The research showed that on grey forest soil in open ground conditions, the productivity of early potato varieties was as follows: Red Scarlett - about 32 t/ha, Rozara - 30 t/ha, and the mid-season variety Zlatka - 28 t/ha. It was demonstrated that the seed fraction in the yield dominated these varieties. The authors noted a coefficient of variation of the fractional composition at the level of V=12.6-28%, depending on the array. The highest yield of virus-free tubers was observed in the Terra and Santé varieties. On leached chernozem soil during the study of early types, the minimum productivity was 1024 g/plant for the Rozara variety, 987 g/plant for the Riviera variety, and 986 g/plant for the Kolomba variety, which is significantly higher than the standard (Lyubava variety). It was statistically determined that the yield of early potatoes depended on genotype by 37% and on the year's conditions by 27%.

The paper presents the results of studying collection samples of winter rye for yield and agrobiological traits in the Kirov Region. The authors conducted the field research in 2021–2022 at the experimental field of the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the Northeast (Kirov City). The study aimed to identify sources of valuable traits for breeding winter rye in the Kirov Region. Weather conditions contributed to the manifestation of the adaptive potential of the samples. Overwintering conditions were at the climatic norm level. Drought in May 2021 (hydrothermal coefficient 0.8) led to a deterioration of spike indicators. More favourable moisture conditions during the spring-summer vegetation were observed in 2022 (hydrothermal coefficient for May-July 1.2–2.5). As a result of the study, the most adapted samples were identified: K-10474 Edelhofer New, K-10394 Otello, Snow 2 242/15, K-10028 Low-stemmed, with productive stem density of more than 200 pcs/m2 and yields of 168–180 g/m2. Sources of high earliness (52–56 pcs.) and spike productivity (1.75–1.86 g) were identified, such as Snow 2 242/15, K-11821 Donskaya, K-11823 Nika 3; spikelet quantity per spike (33 pcs.) – K-11515 Pallada, K-11649 UH 14; 1000 grain weight – K-11693 Warko (33.6 g). For selection for lodging resistance, promising samples are K-11674 Talovskaya 2, K-11635 Polko, K-11649 UH 14, donors of dominant monogenic short stem K-10028 Low-stemmed, donors of recessive polygenic short stem K-10149 Carstens, K-10229 Danae. To increase the genetic diversity of breeding material of winter rye in the Kirov Region, samples K-10394 Otello (Sweden), K-10474 Edelhofer New (Austria), K-11410 SCW 1662 (Germany), K-11693 Warko (Poland), Snow 2 242/15 (Russia), K-11821 Donskaya (Russia), K-11823 Nika 3 (Russia), K-10028 Low-stemmed (Bulgaria), K-11515 Pallada (Ukraine) are proposed for crossing with local varieties.

Tomato is one of the major vegetable crops valued for its high content of various vitamins, organic acids, antioxidants, essential macro- and microelements, and other substances necessary for maintaining normal body functions. Due to its characteristics, tomatoes are widely grown, but there are still "blank spots" in their production technology, especially in fertiliser application. This article presents the experience of using different rates of liquid (KAS-32) and solid (ammonium nitrate) mineral nitrogen fertilisers on the author's tomato varieties in open field conditions. The authors found a significant effect of nitrogen fertilisers on the duration of the main phases of the growing season and the entire period of tomato growth. Specifically, using ammonium nitrate for up to 15 days and KAS-32 for up to 17 days increases the vegetation period. Fertiliser application substantially improves crop structure and increases crop productivity. The difference compared to the control is over 150%, with the maximum effect achieved at increased doses of KAS-32. The maximum yield increase is 45 t/ha in variants with ammonium nitrate and up to 62 t/ha in variants with KAS-32. Under the influence of nitrogen fertiliser application, the content of dry matter increases by 15–20%, total sugar by 76%, and vitamin C by 38%. The most significant effect is achieved using KAS-32, where all quality indicators are 5–10% higher than ammonium nitrate.

The research aims to comprehensively assess pea and soybean varieties based on their ranking by yield and adaptive parameters in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe zone of the Tyumen region for the years 2019-2021. The authors identified the significant environmental variability during the years of variety testing. The best pea variety in terms of average yield and average yield in contrasting conditions was Ostinato (33.8 and 36.9 c/ha, respectively), while for soybean, it was the Siberiada variety (13.2 and 11.9 c/ha, respectively). The realisation of yield potential was low for all varieties and did not exceed 75%. Pea varieties outperformed soybean varieties regarding 1000 grain weight and plant height. The vegetation period for soybean varieties was 25-30 days longer than for pea varieties. All sorts exhibited high resistance to lodging. Stress resistance was low for all types, especially peas, ranging from -11.8 for the Siberian variety to -20.0 c/ha for the Ostinato pea. Yield variability among varieties ranged from 33.4% (Ostinato pea variety) to 53.4% (SibNIISK-315 soybean variety). The regression coefficient for all pea and soybean varieties was equal to or close to one, from bi = 0.96 (Siberiachka soybean variety) to bi = 1.04 (Ostinato pea variety and Siberiada soybean variety), indicating their plasticity. Soybean varieties exceeded pea varieties in terms of homeostasis. The best for peas in this indicator was the Ostinato variety (Hоm = 5.06), and for soybeans, it was the Siberiada variety (Hоm = 2.06). The pea variety Ostinato (2.4) and the soybean variety Siberiada (0.8) demonstrated the highest overall adaptive ability. Based on the sum of rankings for yield and adaptability parameters, the best pea variety was Ostinato (sum of orders 11). For soybeans, it was the Siberiada variety (sum of rankings 11).

This study presents the research results on the interrelationship between biological oat yield and its components in the Priobskaya Forest-Steppe zone of the Novosibirsk region. The experiments were conducted at the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Cultivation and Breeding - a Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS branch from 2012 to 2021. The material for the study consisted of 37 oat varieties included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements. It is approved for use in the West Siberian and East Siberian regions of the Russian Federation. The study aims to determine the priority elements of oat yield structure by ripening groups and varieties in contrasting meteorological conditions. Of the 37 types, three are early, 14 are mid-early, 19 are mid-season, and one is mid-late. All years of the study are divided into two categories based on the average yield over ten years, with favourable and unfavourable conditions for yield formation. It has been established that the density of productive stems remaining at harvest is the main element in oat yield formation for mid-early and mid-season varieties in the Priobskaya Forest-Steppe zone under suitable conditions. Under unfavourable conditions, the productivity of the ear is crucial. The study demonstrates the correlation between structural elements and the biological yield of varieties in contrasting conditions. The influence of stem density on yield in unfavourable conditions was observed in Tubinskiy, Phobos, Tayezhnik, Uran, Anchar, Mustang, and Barguzin. In contrast, it was evident in favourable conditions in varieties like Anchar, Otrada, Korifey, Togurchanin, Krupnozerny, and Kemerovskiy 90. A strong correlation between increased grain weight from the ear and higher yields was found in unfavourable conditions for varieties like Tarskiy 2, Tubinskiy, Otrada, Talisman, Orion, Phobos, Barguzin, Irtish 22, Uran, Pamyati Bogachkova, Altayskiy Krupnozerny, Narymskiy 943, Pegas, and in favourable conditions for varieties like Rovyesnik, Belozerny, Anchar. In both sets of states, a strong correlation was observed in types like Tayezhnik, Novosibirskiy 88, Tulunskiy 19, Irtish 21, Kemerovskiy 90, Korifey, Togurchanin, Sig, Tayezhnik, Krasnoobskiy, Sibiryak, Baykal, Novosibirskiy 5, Mustang, Irtish 13, Togurchanin, Krupnozerny, Sig. The impact of 1000-grain weight on yield was noted in unfavorable conditions for varieties like Krasnoobskiy, Sibiryak, Baykal, Anchar, Oven, Tubinskiy, Sig, Orion, Korifey, Uran, Novosibirskiy 88, Mustang, Togurchanin, Otrada, Altayskiy Krupnozerny, Irtish 21, Egorich, Narymskiy 943, and in favorable conditions for varieties like Novosibirskiy 88, Creol, Irtish 21, Belozerny, Metis, Irtish 13.

The research aimed to assess the influence of varieties and yearly conditions on phytopathogens' colonisation of spring wheat spikes. The study tasks included specifying the mechanisms and timing of colonisation by phytopathogens, determining the taxonomy of microfungi groups and species related to various generative organs, and identifying the impact of varieties and yearly conditions on microfungi colonisation of generative organs. The research was conducted in 2021-2022 in the northern forest steppe of the Ob region on ten spring wheat varieties from various areas of Russia and the world, using standard methodologies. Of the two experimental years, 2021 was relatively humid (GTU August 1.2), while 2022 was dry (GTU August 0.45). In the research years, the mycobiota of generative organs of spring wheat varieties consisted of Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc. Shoem, fungi of the Fusarium Link genus, and Alternaria Nees. However, the taxon representation significantly differed between years, varieties, and spike organs. The dynamics of colonisation of generative organs of spring wheat varieties by microfungi suggest early infestation of spikelet peduncles by Fusarium fungi (tubular stage) and B. sorokiniana (stem elongation stage). It indicates the ability of these microfungi to infect spikes through vessels and by airborne-droplet transmission. The study of the collection did not reveal varieties resistant to the infestation of generative organs by B. sorokiniana and Fusarium and Alternaria fungi. B. sorokiniana preferred infesting spikelet peduncles over grains and increased spike colonisation in wetter conditions. B. sorokiniana dominated on spike peduncles in both years of the study and on grains in the wetter 2021. Fusarium fungi demonstrated lower colonisation activity of generative organs in dry and wet conditions, with a higher affinity for spikelet peduncles, which was less dependent on the yearly conditions. In contrast, the colonisation of grains depended on yearly conditions and was 1.9 times lower on average across varieties in dry conditions. Alternaria fungi preferred colonising grains over spikelet peduncles in spring wheat varieties. They were more successful in dry conditions, unfavourable for moisture-loving phytopathogens from the Fusarium and B. sorokiniana genera. They dominated on grains of all collection varieties in the dry 2022.

• The paper presents the results of selecting the most promising orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) samples, conducted from 2016 to 2021 in the collection nursery of the Institute of Agrobiotechnology, Federal Research Center Komi Scientific Center Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Republic of Komi, Syktyvkar), based on criteria such as green mass yield for two mowings, ecological plasticity, stability, and adaptability. It allowed for a more comprehensive and objective assessment of this agricultural forage crop's genome potential for creating a new orchardgrass variety adapted to northern conditions. Six numbered samples from the Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) with different ecological and geographical origins were chosen as the research objects: wild populations from the Republic of Komi (SN-184, SN-185, SN-186, SN188) and Norway (SN-1817), and the Haka variety from Finland (SN-1816). The Neva variety (Leningrad region), recommended for cultivation in the 1st (Northern) region of agricultural crop cultivation in the Russian Federation, was selected as the standard. Based on the comprehensive assessment of the six promising samples using ranking by 14 parameters, the authors identified one sample (SN-188) from the wild population of the Republic of Komi as having the best yield (27.0 t/ha), breeding value (6.1), stability level (165.5%), and adaptability coefficient (1.13) compared to the standard and other samples. This sample is recommended for transfer to the breeding test nursery with subsequent study of its economically valuable traits submission for state variety testing in the 1st (Northern) region of the Russian Federation.

The study aims to develop diagnostic algorithms for using ERIC-PCR and IRA, which make it possible to identify the routes of Salmonella introduction into a poultry farm. The authors studied the genetic differences of 15 isolates of Salmonella spp., isolated from pathological material, feed raw materials and swabs from poultry houses of broiler poultry farms (parent stock and replacement young animals) in the West Siberian region. The species of Salmonella cultures were confirmed by sequencing and using biochemical tests and agglutination sera. Bacterial DNA was isolated using the standard silicosorption method. Analysis of the genomic DNA of the studied collection of Salmonella using the ERIC-PCR method allowed us to group the resulting strains and isolates into three genotypes that differ in amplicon patterns on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Comparison of IRA results with blood sera of birds from the parent flock and replacement young animals of poultry farm No. 1 made it possible to identify antibodies to both Salmonella genotype one and Salmonella genotype 2 in most of the examined poultry flocks. Analysis of the correlation of antibody titers to Salmonella antigens of the 1st and 2nd genotypes made it possible to exclude a cross-reaction in some poultry houses. The correlation was negative. It was positive in two poultry houses, and there was no correlation in one. The immunofluorescence agglutination reaction system makes it possible to precisely distinguish the seroprevalence of different Salmonella strains at individual agricultural enterprises. The totality of data from serological analysis suggests that some birds have an increased susceptibility to infection with Salmonella of both genotypes, which means that these individuals have genetic characteristics or characteristics of the intestinal microbiota associated with exposure to infection with Salmonella.

Yaks of the Republic of Tyva are characterised by high biological diversity, expressed by a wide range of body colours and polymorphism of blood groups. According to the distribution of colour and polymorphic blood systems in bulls and yak dams, the most characteristic colours are black, black-and-white, and brown; their frequency in the population is 0.403, 0.148 and 0.118, respectively. Animals of other colour patterns were encountered with a frequency ranging from 0.004 to 0.091. Differentiation of yak bulls and dams by the presence or absence of horns showed that in polled bulls and dams, the frequency of markers Q, L', F of the blood systems B, C, F-V is higher (from 0.250 to 0.846) than in horned ones (0.100–0.500). Blood markers R2, W, X1, U' systems C, and S were identified in polled bulls and dams with a frequency of 0.018–0.143, not found in horned bulls and dams. The frequency of blood antigens G2, T2, I2, E'2, Y', J2 of systems B, J is higher in horned bulls and dams (from 0.200 to 0.800) than in polled individuals (0.054–0.464), and S1 of blood system S was detected only in horned queens. Blood markers I1, Y2, R2, W, X1, and U' systems B, C, and S were undetected in horned bulls and dams. In polled and horned bulls, the frequency of genes E'2, E, X2, V, Z of blood systems B, C, F-V, and Z is higher; they are detected with a frequency of 0.333 to 1.000, regardless of colour. Polled bulls of grey colour do not have markers A2, G2, I1, O2, Y', Y2, Q', Y', X1 blood systems A, B, C, and brown colour - A2, O2, Q', F, U, U' blood systems A, B, F-V, S. Still, in polled bulls with black and brown colours, blood antigens I1, X1 were identified, which are absent in horned individuals of different colours. In yaks, statistically significant differences were noted in colour, polledness and antigens A2, G2, I1, I2, Q, T2, E'2, I', Y', R2, W, X1, X2, L', F, V, J2, H', U, U', Z.

In Russia today, bronchopneumonia of calves is one of the most common diseases in young cattle. This is a polyetiological disease associated with the influence of various factors, such as low air temperature, high air humidity, air pollution, etc. Their pathogenic effect is manifested by a decrease in the body's resistance, a violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and the presence of inflammatory exudate in the bronchioles and alveoli. Bronchopneumonia of calves is registered on livestock farms in the cold and damp seasons as a seasonal disease. In this regard, developing effective treatment regimens for this pathology is an urgent task. The study aims to study the effectiveness of the replacement therapy drug Vitam in treating bronchopneumonia in calves. The study was carried out at Michurinets LLC in the village. Altai, Altai Territory in the autumn. According to the principle of analogues, two groups of calves of 5 heads each were formed for the experiment. Calves were selected according to birth and disease onset. They were under the same feeding and housing conditions. During the investigation, clinical signs and morphological blood analysis were assessed. During a clinical study of calves, elevated body temperature, wheezing, cough, areas of dullness in the lungs in the anterior and posterior lobes, lethargy, nasal discharge, and loss of appetite were noted. On the 7th day of treatment, animals in the experimental group showed recovery. Bronchopneumonia in calves is accompanied by changes in blood composition: erythropenia, leukocytosis, increased ESR, neutrophilic leukocytosis with a nuclear shift to the left, and monocytopenia. Using a vitamin-amino acid complex in complex therapy of bronchopneumonia in calves reduces the duration and severity of the disease.

The search and identification of genes responsible for economically useful traits of cattle is relevant. Dairy productivity as a complex quantitative trait, is controlled by a large number of genes and their transcription factors taking into account the physiology of the animal. The dynamics of dairy productivity depends on a number of factors, since the secretory activity of the mammary gland is controlled by a complex of hormones, genes, transcription factors and enzymes. The studied gene Pit-1 (POU1F1) is an informative marker in determining milk and meat productivity. The genotype of an individual determines its productivity potential and the norm of reaction to environmental conditions. Genotypes of the studied gene are identified by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-PDRP) analysis. When analyzing the data, the chi-square test is used to determine the genotype, allele frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The object of research – DNA of blood of red steppe, simmental breeds of cattle of Pavlodar region of Kazakhstan. According to the results of amplification of Pit-1 gene fragment the PCR product with the size of 451 bp was obtained. According to the results of amplicon splitting the genotypes AA (451 bp), AB (451, 207, 244 bp) and BB (207, 244 bp) were obtained. In the considered farms of the region genotypes BB, AB prevail. In the studied groups of animals of the region high frequency of allele B is observed; in red steppe – 0.689, simmentals – 0.549; frequency of allele A – 0.312; 0.451 respectively. Genetic equilibrium is not disturbed; the criteria of reliability of the empirical distribution to the theoretical one in red steppe breed – 0.04, in simmentals – 0.16. The revealed associations of Pit-1 gene polymorphism can be used for selection and selecting parental pairs at directed breeding.

The work aimed to test a newly developed new formulation of domestic dry food for dogs. Some homeostasis indicators in dogs transferred from natural feeding to complete dry food were assessed. The studies were conducted on two groups of dogs kept by their owners in apartment conditions and on personal plots. Dogs of the 1st group (experimental) were transferred from feeding homemade food to industrially produced complete dry food. The diet of dogs in group 2 (control) did not change and still consisted of meat products, cereals and vegetables.

Biomaterial for research (blood, faeces) was taken at the beginning of the experiment and after two months of controlled feeding. The bioelemental and biochemical composition of blood, haematological parameters and faecal microbiology were studied. The dogs' and general clinical conditions were assessed, including determination of live weight at the beginning and end of the two-month study. The results of the elemental analysis showed that two months after the transfer of dogs of the 1st group from the "natural" type of feeding to dry food in the blood of the animals, the concentration of arsenic, lead, strontium, chromium, iodine, selenium and zinc decreased, but the levels of lithium increased nickel and molybdenum. Of the biochemical and haematological parameters, AST, ALT, β-lipoproteins, amylase, lipase, total protein and haemoglobin increased statistically significantly, but alkaline phosphatase level decreased. In addition, switching dogs to dry food contributed to a decrease in 1 g of faeces in the concentration of E. coli with regular enzymatic activity, lactose-negative E. coli, microflora of the genus Proteus and yeast-like fungi. During the experimental period, animals of the 2nd (control) group showed an increase in the amount of microflora of the genus Protea and lactose-negative E. coli. In the intestines of dogs of both groups during the study period, an increase in coccal flora and a decrease in the number of E. coli hemolytic and E. aerogenes were observed.

Domestic and foreign data on bacteriocin nisin's biomedical and veterinary use are analysed. The mechanism of action of Nisin is based on damage to the structures of the bacterial cell, which leads to the subsequent death of the target cell and makes it possible to reduce the development of microbial resistance. Like most bacteriocins, Nisin has high biological activity due to its effectiveness in the nanomolar range and is a lowtoxic substance. Unlike antibiotics, bacteriocin nisin is completely degraded in the body of humans and animals. An analysis of the sources revealed the safe and effective use of Nisin in clinical practice for treating respiratory, gastrointestinal and skin infections and inflammatory processes in the human oral cavity due to an antimicrobial effect against several microorganisms. It has been established that antimicrobial peptides exhibit synergistic and cytotoxic effects. The effective action of nisin against a wide range of pathogens of animal mastitis has been determined. A study of literary sources on using silicon-boron-containing glycerolates in medical and veterinary practice was carried out. The effective use of glycerolates in treating inflammatory diseases in humans and animals has been established due to their reparative and regenerative effects and high transcutaneous conductivity. The data analysis confirms the feasibility of using bacteriocin nisin with silicon glycerolates and boron bisglycerolates to develop pharmaceutical compositions.

The research identified a list of molecules involved in the mechanisms of innate immunity in cattle and the recognition of bacterial pathogens. The current list of molecular receptors has expanded to include TLR receptors and the recently defined NOD-like receptors (NLRs): NOD, NALP, NAIP, and IPAF. TLR molecules are designed to transmit a ligand-binding signal on the cell surface or endosome and activate specific molecules of bacterial origin in the cytosol, such as peptidoglycans, RNA, toxins and flagellins. The obtained data on the molecular structure of TLR and NLR receptors indicate their anti-inflammatory role, mediated by signals through nuclear transcription factor κB and activation of caspase-1 in the inflammasome. It has been shown that the role of immunosensors of extracellular and intracellular perception of bacteria in regulating inflammation is synergistic. Mutations in TLR and NOD receptors are associated with autoimmune inflammatory syndromes. This review examines the body's ways of recognising intracellular pathogens, describes the problem of their mimicry from the animal immune system, and the molecular mechanisms of such interactions. Variants of molecular interactions of innate immune receptors with peptidoglycans, bacterial DNA and toxins, cell wall compartments, and bacterial flagellin receptors are also considered. This study aimed to analyse the current understanding of the genetic and molecular structure of the immune response to bacterial environmental factors and the mechanisms and characteristics of the reaction of the animal body.

The results of evaluating the effect of different sizes of iron cysteine nanoparticles as an alternative to using inorganic iron in poultry diets to ensure mineral balance are presented. It has been established that replacing the inorganic salt FeSO4·7H2O with iron nanocysteinate of 20 and 100 nm in size in the diets of meat-egg chickens has a positive effect. The live weight of young animals in the group using iron nanocysteinate with a particle size of 20 nm exceeded the control by 33.3% and 100 nm by 31.6%. Using iron nanocysteinate with a particle size of 300 nm decreased the indicator by 17.5%. The combined use of activated grain and chelates increases poultry productivity. Thus, the average daily increases were higher by 8.6 – 10.7 – 19.5% for the compared experimental groups. Over the 40 days of raising chickens on activated feed, the average live weight in the control was 552.0 g. The addition of iron nano chelates increased indicators in the 6th and 7th groups by 148 and 156 g, respectively, or by 21.2 and 22.0%. At the same time, in group 8, chickens were stunted in growth compared to the control and groups 6–7, where the particle sizes of iron nanocysteinate were 20 and 100 nm. Iron chelates' role in forming average daily growth on non-activated and activated backgrounds is identical and varies between 3.2–3.4 g in groups 2 and 3; 6 and 7. When comparing similar pairs of groups raised on non-activated and activated feeds with the same addition of iron nanocysteinate, the indicators were higher in young poultry growing on activated feed: groups 2 and 6 - by 8.6%; 3 and 7 – by 10.7%; 4 and 8 – by 19.5%.

The effect of mutations in the FGF-5 gene on the wool productivity of sheep is considered. The conservation and rational use of the sheep gene pool is a very pressing problem for the development of sheep breeding in modern conditions. Thanks to the widespread use of methods for searching for genome-wide associations, the list of candidate genes for sheep productivity indicators is annually replenished. After identifying a new candidate gene, further work is aimed at a detailed study of its polymorphism and the search for mutations associated with gene expression and economically beneficial animal traits. A promising candidate for the quality indicators of sheep's wool is the hair growth regulator gene FGF-5 (fibroblast growth factor 5). FGF-5 plays a vital role in regulating the hair growth cycle during the development of mammalian hair follicles and skeletal muscle development. Haiyu Zhao et al. conducted a study of FGF-5 gene variation in the SG and SGG sheep populations, according to which ten putative SNPs were identified in the FGF-5 gene, and only five of them could be genotyped (SNPs 1-5). These SNPs are intronic mutations located in the first intron of the ovine FGF-5 gene. It was found that the frequencies of homozygous wild alleles at SNP1, SNP2, SNP3 and SNP5 were higher than those of the mutant alleles, except at the SNP4 locus. This study suggests that the presence of polymorphisms in the FGF-5 gene may affect hair growth in sheep and that hair growth may be enhanced by altering the expression of the FGF5 gene.

. Compounded feed is the most significant part of the pricing structure for poultry meat. It is essential to satisfy the physiological needs of the bird as much as possible by selecting the optimal composition and characteristics of the meal, which, in turn, directly depends on the quality of its components. In this regard, an urgent problem is using antioxidants to improve feed safety and optimise metabolism in the poultry body. Feed additives from plants with a high content of them in the diet can increase the efficiency of poultry rearing without compromising the quality of the product. In connection with the prospect of growing domestically produced poultry meat exports, obtaining environmentally friendly products with minimal use of veterinary drugs and chemical-based feed additives is becoming increasingly essential. The use of natural antioxidants is another step towards achieving this goal. This article reflects on the issue of using plant extracts in feeding poultry, the effect of including various additives on live weight, safety and efficiency of feed use. This work was carried out in three stages: developing a method for obtaining a feed additive, a scientific and economic experiment and a statistical data analysis. The first stage of research took place in laboratory conditions. A liquid cocoa husk extract was obtained by continuous percolation with an ethyl alcohol solution, which was then dried at low pressure and a temperature of 30–35 ºC. The second stage of the research was conducting a scientific and economic experiment on 250 heads of broiler chickens. The analysis of the results confirmed the effectiveness of using the plant extract in feed for poultry meat production.

Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids is a highly regulated process of secretion of these compounds, intestinal reabsorption and reverse transport to the liver. Violation of this process has significant consequences for the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and the whole organism. This process is tightly controlled by regulatory enzymatic reactions with negative feedback, which leads to the maintenance of a pool and adequate homeostasis of bile acids. The main purpose of this article is to consider the mechanism of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and evaluate their role both in the formation of pathologies of the hepatobiliary system of various origins, and as a predictor of such processes. We searched for original studies in the scientific databases PubMed, Elsevier Science (Scopus) and Clarivate Analytics (Web of Science) over the past 20 years to identify the features of the above processes, after which a formalized content analysis of the found publications was carried out. Theoretically, every factor that disrupts the enterohepatic circulation leads to pathologies of the hepatobiliary system. However, there are still many unknown aspects when it comes to the regulation of bile acid homeostasis in the enterohepatic circulation. In the last few decades, it is believed that the most important prerequisites for the occurrence of hepatopathy are hypersecretion of bile cholesterol and supersaturation of bile with it. An equally important problem is the change in the pool of bile acids, since its various representatives differ both in chemical activity and in the mechanism of action (from cytotoxicity to cytoprotection).

The average level and variability of copper in the liver of pigs of different breeds were studied. Samples of parenchymal organs from pigs were taken immediately after slaughter and analysed at the analytical centre for collective use of V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences using the method of atomic absorption spectrometry with flame and electrothermal atomisation on the SOLAAR M6 spectrometer (USA) by GOST 26929-94 Raw materials and food products— sample preparation Mineralization to determine the content of toxic elements. A normal distribution of the trait was found only in the Landrace breed (W = 0.94). In pig breeding areas, the content of heavy metals in soil, water and feed was studied, which did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration. The most significant variability of the microelement was observed in the Kemerovo breed, the least - in the Landrace breed. The full copper content was marked in the early ripening meat breed and the minimum in the Landrace breed. A smaller interquartile range about the Kemerovo and early meat breeds characterised the level of copper in the liver of Landrace pigs.

Work has been carried out to study the incidence of demodicosis in domestic cats and dogs in Novosibirsk. We collected data and examined the incidence of demodicosis in domestic carnivores, considering the year's season, the age of the animal, and the species. Demodicosis mainly occurs in dogs but very rarely in cats. Monitoring the occurrence of demodicosis of carnivores in the city of Novosibirsk over the past five years has shown the dynamics of the increase in the incidence of it in domestic cats and dogs. Data on the age-related predisposition of animals to acarosis indicate their more frequent occurrence in patients in the categories of up to 1 year and from 1 to 3 years, i.e., young animals. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the incidence of demodicosis in domestic carnivores showed that the peak incidence occurs in the autumn period of the year. This is due to a decrease in the immune resistance of the patient's body, weather factors (fluctuations in temperature, air humidity) and the previous period of high activity and contact between animals during the warm period of the year. In addition, we studied the occurrence of animals with various forms of the disease: scaly, pustular, papular, as well as local and generalised. We paid particular attention to the course of the disease, assessing the body's condition depending on the clinical form. Most patients were admitted for treatment to the clinic with the scaly form of demodicosis, while pustular and papular forms were observed much less frequently. Regarding the degree of skin damage, local demodicosis prevailed over the generalised form of the disease in dogs and cats. In dogs, the disease conditions were significantly different from those in cats. Based on statistical data, we can conclude that there is a greater variety of forms of demodicosis in dogs.

Studying the dependence of the yield and quality of fruit crops on pollination by bees is necessary, among other things, from the point of view of the protection of bees and biodiversity. Perennial fruit plantations in the Rostov region occupy 30 thousand hectares. Fruit trees such as apricot, quince, plum, cherry, sweet cherry, pear, and apple are essential honey plants for bees. The study aimed to develop methods and techniques for optimising the pollination of fruit crops based on established flowering periods and varietal characteristics of plants and determining the bioresource potential of gardens in the region. Using the method of accumulating sums of effective temperatures, it was established that the flowering of gardens begins with the mass flowering of apricot in the second ten days of April and ends with the flowering of quince at the end of May. The average duration of flowering of plants was 7–14 days. Observations of yield dynamics showed an increase in the number of fruits when optimising pollination by 20–27 times in cherries and sweet cherries. Taking into account the changes in the natural and climatic conditions of the Rostov region when moving through the territory, the physiological characteristics of fruit trees, as well as the mutual pollination of different varieties, the timing of migrations of bee colonies for cross-pollination and planting patterns when planting an orchard are proposed. Monitoring of the bioresource potential of gardens showed that the total area of parks in the region is 27 thousand hectares, with a bioresource potential for honey collection of 434.1 tons. The most significant bioresource potential for honey collection is characterised by the area of gardens in the territory of the 4th honey collection district (154.1 tons). In the 1st region, this figure is 95.5 tons, slightly less in the 3rd region - 73.4 tons. Using all listed methods for regulating work with an apiary and agricultural technology for growing gardens will create conditions for increasing their productivity by 10.8 times, or by 73.3%.

Rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease (RHD) and European hare brown liver syndrome (EBHS) are two similar diseases affecting animals of the hare family, caused by closely related lagoviruses and manifesting as an acute and fatal form of hepatitis and thrombohemorrhagic syndrome in all organs, especially the lungs and liver. The two viruses are closely related genetically and antigenically and share approximately 76% identity. The causative agent of EBHS is a virus of genotype GII.1. Various species of hares and Florida rabbits are susceptible to it. VGBV is caused by viruses of two genotypes: RHDV-GI.1 and RHDV-GI.2. The first genotype (RHDV-GI.1) is strictly specific for rabbits. In contrast, the second (RHDV-GI.2) has a broader range of susceptible animals and affects not only hares but also common badgers and red-bellied musk deer. In addition, due to the lack of crossimmunity between RHDV-GI.1 and RHDV-GI.2 and a wide range of hosts, the second genotype displaces the first of the susceptible populations, which makes it more dangerous in epidemiological terms. The diseases have high morbidity and high mortality - up to 90%. Given the high persistence of the virus in the environment, the disease can cause severe economic damage. Disease control is effectively achieved through vaccination, general quarantine, and preventive measures. However, this only applies to VGBV types 1 and 2, for which vaccines exist. Currently, no vaccines are developed against brown liver syndrome in the European hare.

The idea of a healthy diet is gaining popularity, which justifies consumer interest in environmentally friendly and biologically complete livestock products. In this regard, the development and use of probiotic preparations in feeding farm animals and identifying the effectiveness of their use is an urgent task of our time. An essential step in creating new biological products is the study and selection of strains for the composition of the starter since the probiotic effect of microorganisms is determined by the set of natural properties they possess. In this work, the biological and technologically valuable properties of 12 strains of lactobacilli and 15 strains of propionic acid bacteria from the Siberian collection of microorganisms of the laboratory of the microbiology of milk and dairy products of the SRICM FGBNU FANZA (Siberian Research Institute of Cheese Making of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology) department were studied to include them in the composition of a new probiotic preparation for farm animals. During the research, it was found that all strains of lactic acid rods actively fermented carbohydrates found in plant substrates and maintained their numbers not lower than a therapeutically significant level during 60 days of storage, i.e., showed high technology. Propionic acid bacteria exhibited high biological properties, i.e., they could produce vitamin B12 in amounts from 0.48 to 0.64 μg/cm3 and maintained their viability during six months of storage. As a result of research on the best manifestation of technologically valuable properties, two strains of lactic acid bacilli (SKM673 and SKM-681) and three strains of propionic acid bacteria (111, 112, 149) were selected that were promising for inclusion in the composition of a new probiotic preparation for farm animals.

Poultry farming in recent decades has been associated with the most science-intensive and technologically advanced livestock industry. The effect of the probiotic drug vetoma 1.2 on the growth rate of turkeys of the Big-6 cross was experimentally revealed. The studies were carried out on clinically healthy poultry. The conditions of keeping and feeding corresponded to generally accepted zoohygienic norms. Five experimental and one control groups were formed according to the principle of pairs of analogues of 10 turkeys each. The drug was administered orally daily for 30 days in doses of 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg of live weight. The drug was not used for turkeys of the control group. We have established an increase in turkeys' absolute weight and average daily gain when using the drug vetoma 1.2 in all studied doses on the 30th day of the experiment. The most pronounced mass accumulation was observed when using vetoma 1.2 at doses of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg of live weight throughout the investigation. The growth-stimulating effect's severity depends on the drug dose used.

An analytical review of scientific publications on probiotics in goat breeding was carried out. It has been established that the most popular probiotic microorganisms in goat farming are bacteria of the species Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum and single-celled yeast of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Including probiotic microflora in the diet increases the number of bacteria in the rumen contents of goats. Reducing the number of Clostridia and Escherichia coli in animal faeces is achieved by replacing the native faecal microflora with streptococci and lactic acid bacteria. It has been shown that feeding probiotic preparations is accompanied by an improvement in the metabolic status in the body of goats and is expressed by an increase in the concentration of total protein and its fractions, haemoglobin, erythrocytes, macro- and microelements in the blood of animals, and optimisation of lipid metabolism. Probiotics help preserve villi and inhibit inflammation of the intestinal epithelium of animals, exhibit antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties, and help reduce putrescine concentration in faeces. Feeding probiotics ensures an increase in daily milk yield, fat and protein content by increasing the digestibility of diet solids, primarily crude fibre. The probiotic potential of some microorganisms is expressed in increased concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids in goat milk and meat with a decrease in the atherogenic index of raw materials. The use of drugs helps to increase the absolute increase in live weight of goat kids against the background of the harmonious development of the physique of young animals due to the production of microbial phytase, a decrease in the redox potential of chyme and an increase in the number of microorganisms that consume lactic acid. Some authors report the absence of a significant effect when using probiotics in feeding lactating animals and raising goat kids.