Fungal isolates isolated from garden strawberry plants Fusarium semitectum Berk. Et Ravenel and Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke et Berth proved to be pathogenic. Under field conditions, artificial inoculation with these isolates increased the development of verticillium disease to 24.0-57.0 % and the development of fusarium disease to 26.0-31.0 %, which significantly exceeded the growth of root rot in control at the level of 2.0-2.2 %. Inhibition of the above-ground system length in infected plants reached 6.5-30.5 % relative to the control. In a laboratory experiment, the presence of pathogenic properties in an isolate of the fungus Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., also isolated from strawberry plants, was proved. Artificial inoculation caused a decrease in the length of the above-ground system by 33.2 %, the number of new leaves by 53.8%, a reduction in the size of the roots by 43.9 %, and increased rhizome necrosis by 3.2 times relative to the control. The general condition of strawberry plants in the control was satisfactory by 3.2 points. The negative effect of the phytopathogen in variants with inoculation was manifested in a decrease in the state of plants to a level of 1.3-1.4 points. According to the results of a 3-year observation, the varieties Alexandrina, Festivalnaya Romashka, and Solnechnaya Polyanka showed relative resistance to fusarium disease of strawberries (the development of the disease on average over three years ranged from 2.8 to 5.7 %, with 11.3 % in the standard variety Yunia Smaids). Varieties Feya, hybrid Lutova, Aleksandrina, Festivalnaya Romashka, Solnechnaya Polyanka, Festivalnaya, and Anastasia had relative resistance to verticillium disease (the development of the disease on average over three years ranged from 0 to 1.8 %, with 8.9 % for the standard).

   The results of complex experiments to study the effectiveness of using the drug Tropikanka 1 on early potatoes of the Vega variety are presented. The studies were conducted in arid conditions on grey forest soils of the northern forest-steppe of the Novosibirsk Ob region. Before planting, the tubers were soaked for 15 minutes in a solution of Tropikanka 1 with a dilution of 1:50 depending on the options: 1:100, 1:200 and without using the drug with soaking in water (control).

   The research aims to develop methods for using the environmentally friendly organic fertiliser Tropikanka 1 to stimulate the growth and development of potatoes, increasing their yield and product quality.

   It was established that on grey forest heavy loamy soil of the forest-steppe of the Novosibirsk Ob region under conditions of acute moisture deficiency in May, June and early July 2023, the use of pre-planting soaking of early potato tubers of the Vega variety for 15 minutes in a solution of Tropikanka 1 fertiliser, obtained based on bird droppings, accelerated the growth and development of potatoes by seven days compared to the control (using water). The largest area of potato leaves was observed against the background of pre-planting treatment of tubers with Tropikanka 1 at a dilution of 1:100, exceeding the control by 1.8 times. The yield of early potato production (the beginning of the third decade of July) with a dilution of the drug 1: 100 is 1.7 times higher than the control. The total yield against the background of soaking tubers with Tropikanka 1 fertiliser for the Vega variety when diluting the drug 1: 100 reached up to 33.8 t/ha, which is 38% higher than the control. At the same time, the yield of marketable products increased to 30 t/ha, exceeding the control by 52 %. The quality indicators
of commercial products also improved. When the drug was diluted 1:100, there was an increase in starch content by 0.2 %. The concentration of nitrates during the use of the medication is 6.5 times lower than the maximum permissible concentration for potatoes.

   The issue of landscaping is especially relevant in regions with a hot, arid climate, such as the Volgograd region. In Volgograd, green spaces do not fulfil their functions sufficiently. Improving the landscape, increasing the diversity of the range of trees and shrubs, as well as the types of landscaping plantings and the combination of various forms in them, the solution of these issues is an essential task in the development of landscape gardening in sparse forested regions. The woody vegetation of the city is in a weakened state due to the age of the plants and the climatic and environmental conditions of Volgograd. The use of green spaces in recreational areas should meet the needs of citizens and exclude their damage. To preserve and further develop recreational areas and forest plantations in urban areas, assessing the recreational potential of green spaces in the study area is necessary. An improved methodology for evaluating the recreational potential is used for the assessment.

   The research objects are the recreational areas of Volgograd: Komsomolsky Garden, the Square of Valor and Glory, and the Arboretum of the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

   The total recreational territory in the City of Volgograd is 31%. According to the recreational assessment, the Komsomolsky Garden and the Square of Valor and Glory belong to the first class of the landscape. According to the assessment of the recreational potential of plantings, the Komsomolsky Garden and the Square of Valor and Glory also belong to the first class of recreational value. The greenhouse of the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences belongs to the third class, according to the recreational assessment, of the landscape and to the second class of the recreational potential of plantings.

   To expand the production of topimanbur in the Russian Federation, it is necessary to develop adaptive cultivation technologies in various regions of the country. Field research was carried out on the territory of the educational and scientific experimental field of the Perm State Technical University. Three variants of the planting scheme were studied: 70x30, 70x40 and 70x50 cm and three variants of the weight of the planting tuber: 20-40 g, 41-60 g and 61-80 g. The applied agrotechnical measures are generally accepted for the non–Chernozem zone. The technology of planting topinambur is a comb. The research results show that with planting schemes of 70x30, 70x40 and 70x50 cm, topinambur forms the exact yield of tubers – 18.3-19.3 t/ha. When used for planting tubers weighing 41-80 g, the yield increases by 1.1-1.7 t/ha, compared with the planting fraction of 21-40 g, due to an increase in plant density by 0.1 pcs. /m². Biological yield indicators fully reflect the actual yield. Under the studied planting schemes, it was also the same and amounted to 2002.6-2177.9 g/m², and when planted with larger tubers, it was 271.7-277.0 g/m² higher than tubers of 20-40 g. The proportion of tubers of the small fraction – 48-59 % prevails in the Jerusalem artichoke crop. The share of the food fraction is 8-16 %. The fractional composition of tubers in the crop does not depend on the mass of the planting tuber. The share of planting tubers in the harvest with schemes 70x30 and 70x40 cm is higher by 6-8 %. A higher dry matter content in tubers was observed when planting tubers weighing 20-60 g – 21.3-21.6 %, and vitamin C – when planting tubers 61-80 g – 14.5 mg/kg. The planting scheme does not affect the biochemical composition of topinambur tubers.

   The results of testing a drug obtained from livestock waste containing fulvic acids on winter and spring wheat are presented. The prescription was obtained by treating an aqueous infusion of chicken manure and pig waste with 60% nitric acid. Before use, the drug was diluted with water in a ratio of 1:100. The working solution had a pH of 6.7–6.9. The specified pH value of the working solution prevents the possible adverse effect of the drug on other agrochemicals when using tank mixtures. Pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with the resulting preparation, at a consumption rate of 0.1 l/t, increased the area of flag leaves, which had a significant positive effect on yield, by 1.8 times compared with the control. The biomass of plants treated with the drug was 1.3 times greater than in the control. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with the medication at a consumption rate of 0.1 l/t led to an increase in the yield of winter wheat in the conditions of the Belgorod region by 0.44 t/ha, or by 6.8 %, as well as the content of gluten protein in grain by 2.0 % and reduced infection of seeds with Alternaria. Spraying spring wheat during the stem growth phase (two nodes) increased the yield by 0.73 t/ha or 20.8 %. The use of the drug for pre-sowing seed treatment significantly reduced the sensitivity of spring wheat plants to herbicide stress. The increase in yield under the influence of the medicine was achieved by increasing the number of ears by 11.2 % and by increasing the number of grains in an ear by 8.3 %.

   As a result of studies conducted in 2014–2017. based on the agro-complex “Giant’s Gardens”, it was established that the biological product Fitop 8.67 had a fungicidal effect on Rhizoctonia while simultaneously having a growth-stimulating effect and increasing potato productivity in the conditions of the Novosibirsk region. The drug Fitop 8.67 helps to increase the biometric indicators of the early ripening potato variety Rosara, such as plant height (1.9 times), number of stems (1.6 times), and weight of 1 plant (1.2 times), compared to the control. At the same time, the drug helped reduce the prevalence of rhizoctoniosis during the growing season. The biological effectiveness of the medication at week 4 was 65.6 %. At week 6 – 83.8, and at week 10 – 80.5 %. Pre-planting treatment of potato tubers with the biological preparation Fitop 8.67 positively affected the crop’s formation. Under the influence of the microbiological complex, there was an increase in the proportion of tubers of the large fraction and a decrease in the small fraction. The average increase in yield over four years was 6.63 t/ha. The prevalence of rhizoctoniosis on tubers of the new crop in the experimental version decreased from 24.55 to 15.5 % in 2014, from 55.3 to 1.55 in 2015, from 62.0 to 15.6 in 2016 and from 40.67 to 4.1% in 2017. In this regard, we can recommend the use of the biological product Fitop 8.67 at a concentration of 1x106 CFU/ml for pre-planting treatment of tubers as a stimulant growth with fungicidal properties, to increase productivity, as well as to reduce the chemical load on the agrocenosis of the potato field.

   The research was carried out within the framework of the state task of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation “Program for the creation and operation of a carbon landfill in the Republic of Bashkortostan “Eurasian carbon landfill” for 2022-2023 (Publication number: FEUR-2022-0001). Carbon deposition in the soil is an essential function arising from the interaction of ecological processes. Human activity influencing these processes leads to dehumidification or, conversely, deposition of soil carbon. The article presents the materials of the analysis of literary sources on the subject of carbon farming, as well as the content of organic matter in the soils of agricultural lands of the southern forest-steppe of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the conditions of a carbon landfill in the Ufa district (Russian Federation).

   This study aims to analyse carbon reserves in the humus-accumulative soil horizon of a carbon landfill on agricultural lands in the Dmitrievsky Village Council of the Ufa district of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

   An agrochemical analysis of the accumulation of soil organic matter was carried out, and the capacity of the humus horizon of the soils of this site was determined. Carbon reserves in the studied soils were determined according to the methodology for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions and uptake [Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia No. 371 dated 05/27/2022, Guidelines for Quantifying the volume of greenhouse gas uptake]. The carbon content in the organic matter of soils is assumed to equal 58%. The conversion to the stock of soil carbon was carried out, considering the density of the soil composition. The degree of saturation of the soils of the studied sites, including the carbon landfill, is calculated. The reserves of organic carbon under individual varieties of soils in the humus-accumulative horizon - 4616360 tons were estimated.

   The research results (2014 - 2015) on triticale yield and its structure depending on the seed treatment are presented. The need for research is caused by increasing grain yields and gross yields in the region.

   This work aims to establish the dependence of yield and its structure on the pre-sowing treatment of triticale seeds by modern fungicides that are effective in extreme conditions.

   A two-factor field experiment was conducted on the experimental field of the Far Eastern State Agrarian University, Amur region. Options: Factor A - triticale varieties: 1. Ukro, St; 2. Yarilo; 3. Carmen. Factor B - treatment with preparations: 1. Control - water; 2. Maxim rate - 1.5 ml/l; 3. Inshur Perform - 0.4 l/ha; 4. Kinto Duo - 2 l/ha. Each variety of triticale corresponded to four
variants of treatment with preparations. Regarding height, productive business and ear length of triticale, the differences between the preparations and the control were insignificant. The preparation of Kinto Duo increased the number of grains in the ear by 2.0 % compared with the control. Maxim and Inshur Perform by weight of 1000 grains resulted in a significant increase of 2.8 and 3.9 %, and Kinto Duo - 7.2 % compared to the control. Yield is strongly related to productive business, r = 0.798. The correlation between yield and stem length is medium r = 0.332. Between yield, ear length, number of grains in the ear, and weight of 1000 grains, the correlation dependence is weak r < 0.3. The preparation Inshur Perform increased the yield of triticale grain by 0.11 t/ha or 4.9 %, Maxim - by 0.30 t/ha or 13.4 %, and Kinto Duo - by 0.34 or 15.2 % relative to the control.

   The adaptive ability and productivity of common beans in the conditions of the forest steppe of the Ob region are studied in work. Genetic evaluation of varieties will speed up the breeding work to create forms that combine ecological plasticity and productivity based on exploring the adaptive potential of productivity elements. An urgent task of breeding is to develop varieties with a high stable yield, which can combine high quality, productivity and environmental plasticity in the genotype. Based on the UPH “Michurintsev Garden” of the Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, an assessment was carried out (2015-20) of grain bean varieties of different ecological and geographical origin with a bush type of growth according to the characteristics: the number of beans per plant, the weight of seeds per plant, the weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield.

   The work aims to evaluate the varieties of common beans for adaptability and productivity in the conditions of the forest steppe of the Ob region.

   Adaptability was assessed according to the methodology developed by A. V. Kilchevsky and L. V. Khotyleva. According to the “number of beans per plant”, the varieties Rubyn (Sgi = 6,5 %), Stringless (Sgi = 9,9 %), Zolotistaya (Sgi = 14,2 %), Zusha white (Sgi = 17,6 %), Zusha black (Sgi = 18,6 %) are classified as forms with low and medium levels of ecological variability. The Zolotistaya variety has high indicators of the parameters OAСi (4.2) and bi (4.96), the average level of BVGi (2.05) by the weight of seeds from the plant. Based on «1000 seed weight», most varieties are classified as stable – the Sgi value does not exceed 10 %. The genotypes of grain beans combining high yield with environmental resistance of Zusha black and Zolotistaya have been identified. Veenoorl, Zolotistaya, Brunot, and Rubyn samples are recommended for inclusion in breeding programs to create new adapted varieties of common beans.

   The operating conditions of the Russian agro-industrial complex today are characterised by unfair competition in global markets and objective transformation processes. Changes in agricultural production technologies and the digitalisation of all production areas require a restructuring of the work of farming organisations. At the same time, the indicated structural changes at the level of agricultural producers should be based on an analysis of objective production and economic indicators: yield and profitability.

   The purpose of the study is to model the process of increasing the yield of grain crops due to the use of digital twins in various areas of agricultural production.

   Research objectives: to identify models for the use of digital twins in the production of grain crops; develop introductory methodological provisions for creating a digital twin of agricultural specialisation; outline the current and future role of digital twins in agricultural production.

   Scientific novelty and practical significance of the research results: models for the use of digital twins of agricultural specialisation at the stages of the production process and infrastructure sectors for its support have been developed; conceptual provisions of methodological recommendations for the development of digital twins of agricultural specialisation have been formulated; the current and future significance of digital twins in the process of increasing grain yields has been determined, as well as the prospects for their use in the agricultural sector.

   The results of studying the influence of the endophytic fungus Metarhizium robertsii on the growth and development of fodder beans of the Sibirskie variety are presented. Endophytes are ubiquitous, diverse microorganisms that live in healthy host tissues without causing visible disease symptoms. The studies were conducted in 2020–2022. Pre-sowing treatment of broad bean seeds (Vicia faba L.) with the entomopathogenic fungus M. robertsii, followed by cultivation in field conditions, contributed to the acceleration of growth processes, the formation of greater biological mass and increased yield. The effectiveness of the entomopathogenic fungus M. robertsii was assessed in a field experiment on leached chernozem in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. M. robertsii on broad beans significantly increased grain yield by 10–15 % depending on year conditions in 2020 and 2022. (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.036715 and 0.012186, respectively), plant height - by 6–16 cm (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.010023), foliage, and weight of 1000 grains. A significant increase in active nodules on the roots of broad bean plants treated with M. robertsii was established. The results indicate that treating bean seeds with the entomopathogenic fungus M. robertsii before sowing can increase crop yield and stimulate growth processes. In the future, this technique can be used in agricultural practice on other legumes. This work is the first study of the influence of entomopathogenic fungi on broad beans when grown in the continental climate of Western Siberia.

   In 2019-2022 in field experiments, stimulation of the survival rate and growth of mother plants of strawberries under the influence of pre-planting treatment with Fitop 8.1 (dry form) and Fitop 8.67 (liquid form) in working concentrations of 1 × 105 CFU / ml was proved: an increase in the survival rate of seedlings by 12.3 % and 19.5 %; an increase in the number of leaves by 29 % and 21 %; an increase in the length of the roots in both variants by 12.9 %; an increase in total plant biomass to levels of 92.9 g/plant and 94.5 g/plant. The biological effectiveness against strawberry white spot in the variants with Fitop 8.1 and Fitop 8.67 treatment was 33.1 % and 29.3м %, which is explained by the immunising effect of treatments on plants. The best effects of stimulating vegetative propagation were also noted in variants where the biological preparations Fitop 8.67 (liquid form) at a concentration of 1×105 CFU/ml and Fitop 8.1 (dry form) at concentrations of 1×105 CFU/ml and 1×106 CFU/ml were used for pre-planting treatment – the increase in the number of rosettes, on average, over three years, amounted to 3.0-3.9 rosettes/plant (20.6-27.3 %) relative to the control, where 14.4 rosettes/plant were formed, in average over three years of observation. The effects obtained in the biological product variants were at a statistically identical confidence level with the reference variant with the Phoenix humic preparation, 0.05 %. As a result, the yield of seedlings from an area of 100 m² of the mother plantations increased significantly in the variants with Fitop 8.67 and Fitop 8.1 by 32.6 % and 55.9 % at 4229.5 seedlings/100 m² in the control variant. In contrast, the effectiveness of Fitop 8.1 for seedlings, superior to Fitop 8.67 (liquid form) and the reference version with Phoenix, 0.05 %, has been proven.

   An attractive region for tourism - the Southern Coast of Crimea, including the vicinity of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden – is experiencing a high year-round anthropogenic load. This has a negative impact on the conservation and renewal of woody and herbaceous resource species, many of which are ornamental, food and medicinal. As part of the study of the possibilities of renewing the resources of ornamental shrubs and assessing their adaptive potential in the conditions of the Mediterranean subtropics, the article characterizes the water content in buds and shoots based on the methodology for determining the percentage of water per dry mass. The dynamics of the hydration of shoots in winter, spring and autumn is shown. A comparative analysis of the saturation of shoots with water in unstable and stable species at different times of the year is carried out. Species with minimum and maximum water saturation of buds and shoots have been identified. The difference is indicated in the studied species in terms of water content before saturation in natural conditions and after, already in the
laboratory. Attention is drawn to the dependence of species stability on the month of saturation. The characteristic of saturation of plant tissues with water is given when weather conditions change in spring (rainy and dry weather, thaw) when modeling climatic conditions in the laboratory. The species in which the maximum saturation with water occurs both during imitation of rainy weather and during a thaw are highlighted. These studies were conducted for the first time on the described species in the conditions of the Mediterranean subtropics.

    The aim of the study was a pathomorphological evaluation of the effect of the new drug Clozalbent F (Clozalbent F) on populations of the trematode Fasciola gigantica (Cobbold, 1855) with monoinvasion of fasciolеsis in cows.

   In the experiment, on days 7-10 after a single oral application to cows spontaneously infected with trematodes Fasciola gigantica, the effects of the drug Clozalbent F (Clozalbent F) at a dose of 1.25 g/10 kg of live weight appear in the form of irreversible pathomorphological changes in organs and tissues marit and premarital. In the body of trematodes, carbohydrate, protein, water and salt metabolism is disturbed, toxins are formed, and hydropic dystrophy of tissues increases with large amounts of water in them. Hydration of F. gigantica cells and tissues causes them to swell, then decay and necrosis. Under the influence of Closalbent F, vacuoles are formed in the tegument of trematodes in the intercellular spaces filled with turbid moisture. The drug enters the body of F. gigantica through the neo-dermis, causing irreversible path changes (destruction, disorganisation, decomposition, autolysis, protein, carbohydrate, hydropic dystrophy, necrobiosis and necrosis) of cells and tissues in mature trematodes. On the 7-10th day of the experiment, after the action of the Clozalbent F at a dose of 1,25 g/10 kg of live weight, F. gigantica marita showed complete disintegration of tegument, suckers and genitalia cells, which was confirmed by histological methods (TS, BFS, SA, CHIC) and testifying to its high efficiency and biosafety fasciolеsis in cow.

   The priority direction in developing domestic sheep breeding is the creation of new and improved breeding forms that combine high meat and wool productivity rates with good adaptive qualities to breeding conditions. In Russia, 404.2 thousand heads of coarse-wool sheep breeds and 21.2 thousand heads of semi-coarse-wool sheep are concentrated on breeding farms. Compared to 2000, the number of breeding animals increased by 5.0 times, while the yield of lambs for slaughter per 100 breeding queens increased by 5.7 times. One way to increase the selection and breeding work with breeds is to search and use genetic markers of productivity and vitality.

   The work aimed to summarise and analyse information about the genetic polymorphism of genes associated with traits of productivity and disease resistance in different breeds of sheep.

   The results of studies of polymorphic variants of genes related to the growth energy of young animals, wool quality and meat productivity in sheep are presented. The calpastatin (CAST) gene is described, which is associated with meat productivity and tenderness of meat the KRT (keratins) gene - with wool productivity and wool quality, the growth hormone gene GH and the differential growth factor gene GDF9 - with the regulation of growth and development, reproductive qualities and meat production, sheep productivity. In most studies, the predominant genotype in all breeds is CASTMM. The frequency of genotypes for the KRT and GH genes in breeds of different directions of productivity varies significantly. The relationship of genotypes CAST, GН, and GDF9 with economically valuable traits is described, making it possible to consider their genetic markers.

   In the breeding farm Kolos LLC in the Altai Territory, which is engaged in the breeding and selecting Kazakh white-headed cattle, bulls were assessed by their productivity, sires by the quality of their offspring, lines, breeding and production groups. It has been established that, regardless of which trait is taken as the base one, the bulls of the selection group exhibit highly productive qualities. Analysis of correlation coefficients allows us to note a strong connection between live weight and average daily gain, feed costs, assessment of meat qualities, relative gain, and the “A” index. A comparative evaluation of stud bulls based on the quality of their offspring indicates that the sons of Zaur 70099, Pankrat 6809, and Simons 6633 are improvers. When assessing the genealogical structure, the best indicators are shown by bulls belonging to the line of Castle 3335. When comparatively evaluating the strength of the influence of the line and the sire bull on the variability of traits, it was established that the stability of the impact of the sire bull is, as a rule, higher than the influence of the line and for the most critical traits it is more than two times. The highest power of the sire’s influence is noted for such characteristics as live weight, average daily gain, assessment of meat qualities, and complex index “A”. The population of the Kazakh white-headed breed has a high selection potential in assessing animal gene pool and phenol. Also, it has an optimal level of genetic variability of traits, expressed through the strength of the sire’s influence on the variability of traits.

   The results of a study of copper levels in the skeletal muscles of cattle, sheep, pigs and yaks, carried out on clinically healthy animals raised in the Siberian region, are presented. The living conditions of the animals corresponded to the standard ones depending on the species. Elemental analysis of muscle tissue samples was performed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectral analysis. Data processing was done using Microsoft Office Excel and the R programming language in the data analysis environment RStudio version 2023.03.1 (RStudio, PBC). In most cases, the distribution did not correspond to normal, and the variances were not homogeneous. Based on the average value and median, a descending ranked series of copper content in tissue was established: cattle < yaks < sheep < pigs, in numerical terms based on the median: 1.57: 1.29: 1.02: 1.0. The medians for copper in cattle, yaks, sheep and pigs were 1.40; 1.15; 0.024; 0.91; 0.89 mg/kg, respectively, reference intervals are 0.40–2.13, 0.30–2.16, 0.39–1.43 and 0.28–1.47 mg/kg. The most significant range of variability,
based on the standard deviation and the ratio of extreme variants, is characteristic of cattle. Based on the Kruskal-Walli’s test, muscle copper accumulation differed significantly between species (H = 18.277, df = 3, p < 0.001). Pairwise comparison showed significant differences in the pairs “cattle – pigs”, “cattle – sheep” and “pigs – yaks”. Two clusters were identified based on the similarity of copper accumulation: cattle - yaks and sheep - pigs. The results can serve as an approximate physiological norm for the concentration of copper in the skeletal muscles of animals of different species and confirm the genotype’s influence on the organism’s cumulative abilities.

   The research was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using the Mustala adsorbent in feeding chickens of the parent flock of the Ross 308 cross. The work was carried out at an enterprise for raising a broiler parent flock. A control and experimental group of hens of the parent flock of the Ross 308 cross were formed at the age of 40 weeks (in the control group - 9303 heads, in the experimental group - 9278) with floor housing. The birds in the experimental group were fed Mustal adsorbent at a dose of 1.5 kg/t of feed; the drug was not included in the diet of the birds in the control group. During the growing period, the leading zootechnical indicators were determined: gross harvest, hatching harvest, number of commercial chickens, and safety, which were calculated according to generally accepted methods in poultry farming. It was found that the birds of the experimental group exceeded the control group in terms of the gross number of eggs and the yield of hatching eggs by 0.24 and 0.20 %, respectively. Mustala adsorbent made it possible to increase the yield of commercial chickens by 0.8 % and increase safety in the experimental group by 0.02 %. Profit from product sales in the experimental group is 2.21 % higher than in the control group.

   Data are presented on the dependence of the ease of calving on the duration of the dry period, gender, the number of gestated fetuses and its influence on the frequency of occurrence of specific pathologies of childbirth and the postpartum period and the frequency of insemination in dairy cows of productivity in the conditions of Sibirskaya Niva LLC, Novosibirsk region. More often, childbirth proceeded normally (easy), without outside intervention - 91.36 %, mild and moderate pathology was observed in 3.35 and 4.41 % of cows, and in rare cases, calving was accompanied by severe pathology - 0.87 %. The severity of the birth process increased with a decrease in the duration of the dry period. Thus, in animals with easy labour, the dry period was 54.73 ± 0.27 days; in animals with severe pathology, it was three days less - 51.74 ± 1.33 days. In cows with mild labour, the birth of one calf was more often observed; the number of twins did not exceed 8.95 %. The severity of labour was accompanied by an increase in the number of twins; in the group of animals with arduous labour, it reached 84.21 %. With a problematic labour process, the frequency of stillbirths in groups increases by 4.41 %. Animals with difficult births have an increased risk of obstetric and gynaecological pathology. Thus, in cows with a severe course of the birth process, in 26.32 % of cases, pathology of the third stage of labour was observed, accompanied by retention of the placenta. In the postpartum period, postpartum paresis was often recorded - 42.11 % and various types of metritis - 21.05 %. In contrast, with a mild course of labour, all the pathologies we studied were recorded in aggregate only in 29.35 % of cows. In animals with arduous labour, 1.05 more doses of semen were spent on fertile insemination than in animals with normal labour.

   Consideration and analysis of diseases of wild bird species is complicated, especially those listed in the Red Book.

   This work aimed to identify the pathomorphological features of the manifestation of aspergillosis in the mute swan and to assess the impact of this disease on the microbiocenosis of the lungs and the morphological structure of organs without cavities.

   The scientific work was conducted at the Department of Anatomy and Physiology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of the State Agrarian University of the Northern Trans-Urals.

   The object of study was the internal organs of a mute swan delivered for a post-mortem autopsy to determine the cause of death of the bird.

   All internal organs were examined pathoanatomically, and morphometry was performed and carried out bacteriological and mycological studies of the lungs according to traditional methods in microbiological practice. Histological study of such internal organs as the liver, kidneys and spleen was carried out using the generally accepted method. As a result of the analyses, it was established that a characteristic feature of the pathomorphological manifestation of aspergillosis was a topical lesion of the respiratory system with the formation of multiple tumour-like foci of two types in the lungs and
destructive changes in the structure of the tissue of the liver, kidneys and spleen. Congestive venous hyperemia is expressed in all organs, which indicates chronic heart failure. In the liver and kidneys, there are pronounced signs of tissue necrosis, which is a sign of the toxic effects of this disease on the body. In the spleen of the mute swan, the growth of red pulp may indicate an increase in the functioning of the immune system in this pathology. Five types of microorganisms from different subkingdoms were isolated from the mute swan’s lungs. Taking into account the peculiarities of the development of pathological changes and the degree of priority of one or another type of microorganism in the formation of lung pathology in birds, it has been established that Aspergillus fumigatus is the leading pathogen in the development of pathological changes in the lungs of the mute swan.

   With the enormous increase in food and agricultural residues, there is a need to find new ways to dispose of the waste. One of the promising technologies is the bioconversion of organic waste by Hermetia illucens larvae or Black Soldier fly (BSF) larvae. BSF larvae can transform low-value raw materials into protein-and fat-rich entomological biomass, which can be used as raw material to produce feed for livestock, poultry, and aquaculture. To improve this technology and increase bioconversion efficiency, research into the selection of optimal feed rations for BSF larvae is necessary.

   This study aims to analyze the effect of high-protein experimental diets fortified with fish meal (FM) on protein and fat accumulation in larvae, entomological biomass growth, and larvae’s growth rate in achieving the pre-pupal stage.

   As part of the experiment, dieting wheat bran with different fish meal contents (5 %, 15 %, 30 %) was modelled, and a diet consisting of wheat bran was used as the control diet (CD). Larvae were also reared on a standard diet, chicken feed (CF), for comparison. The results indicate that larvae reared on CF observed the maximum entomological biomass growth rate. The highest protein content in larvae was found when insects were raised on high-protein diets with fish meal at 15 % and 30 % and was 53.31 ± 0.67 % and 54.33 ± 1.02 % in dry matter, respectively. The highest fat content was found on the control diet fed without protein supplement – CD (41.57 ± 1.75 %). The larval development rate on the modelled diets was assessed on the last day of the experiment by the number of pre-pupae. The highest number of pre-pupae was obtained on FM 15 % and FM 30 % and was 13.38 ± 3.42 % and 11.52 ± 3.87 %, respectively. The highest feed conversion BER (Bioconversion Efficiency Rate) was 33.29 ± 3.54 % at CF. Proteins and carbohydrates are the most significant nutrients when modelling feed rations.

   Poultry farming is one of the most efficiently developing agricultural industries thanks to the high level of technology and automation of enterprises. However, the intensive pace of development in poultry farming leads to several problems; one of the most important among them is the need to dispose of poultry waste. Large poultry farms can produce up to 100 thousand tons of manure annually, which belongs to the 3^rd class of environmental hazards. Recycling manure allows enterprises to avoid penalties and receive additional economic benefits from selling organic fertilisers. Mechanochemical methods are one of the most accessible and effective ways to process livestock waste. Their essence lies in using chemical reagents for disinfection and processing raw materials.

   The object of the study was a new drug with the properties of a growth stimulant, antidepressant, and antistressant obtained by mechanochemical processing of dry bird manure in an acidic environment.

   The safety parameters were analysed in two accredited laboratories: agrochemical and veterinary. The agrochemical laboratory studied such indicators as the mass fraction of dry and organic matter, the activity of hydrogen ions (pH), the mass fraction of nutrients, the content of toxic elements and the presence of radionuclides. The veterinary laboratory analyses included such groups of indicators as parasitic cleanliness, sanitary-bacteriological, and sanitary-parasitological indicators. It has been shown that the leading indicators of the quality and safety of the drug in the working solution meet the requirements for organic fertilisers. For the medication to work effectively, when preparing a working solution, the consumer must strictly follow the instructions and observe safety precautions when working with a substance with a low pH level.

   One of the most critical problems in animal husbandry and public health is antibiotic resistance, associated with the widespread use of antibiotic drugs. As a result, pathogenic microorganisms develop antibiotic resistance, which creates the need to either increase their dosage or replace them with other medications. Phytobiotics are a promising alternative to antibiotic drugs. Phytobiotics are active substances of medicinal plants that exhibit antimicrobial properties against pathogenic microorganisms. The primary sources of antimicrobial activity of phytobiotics are phenolic and polyphenolic compounds. The research aimed to study the antimicrobial activity of oregano (O) extracts and marsh cinquefoil (MC). Alcohol extracts (AE) were prepared from dry raw materials by water-alcohol extraction, and then alcohol-free extracts (AFE) were obtained using vacuum distillation. The content of polyphenolic compounds was studied in the obtained extracts, and the hole method against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica evaluated their antimicrobial properties. The results showed that in O AFE, the content of polyphenolic compounds was 1.487 mg/ml, in O AE 1.166 mg/ml, in MC AFE 1.349 mg/ml, and MC AE 1.074 mg/ml. All studied extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The most significant zones of suppression (1.86 cm) were formed around the wells with O AFE, which were significantly (P<0.01) larger than in the samples with O AE. About gram-negative cultures, zones of suppression were found only in alcoholic extracts, which is most likely a demonstration of the antibacterial activity of ethanol.

   A study of the natural food supply of the nursery ponds of Ecopark LLC’s fish farm in the Moshkovsky district of the Novosibirsk region was carried out in July–August 2022. Carp fingerlings were raised in the ponds with a stocking density of 34.77 and 57.73 thousand/ha. During the growing period, carp fingerlings were fed 5000 kg of feed mixture in equal parts of crushed barley and wheat grains. The species composition of zooplankton in the studied reservoirs is monotonous and is represented by nine species. Variable species diversity was observed in all reservoirs. The number of zooplankton in July in ponds No. 5 and No. 2 was 76344.45 and 48311.11 ind./m³, in August – 56800 and 48616.67 ind./m³; biomass – in the range of 2724.88-5777.86 and 1618.65-2258.73 mg/m³, respectively. Analysis of variance showed a relationship between the mass of under-yearlings and zooplankton biomass. It is 0.70, which indicates that the mass of carp under-yearlings increases with an increase in zooplankton biomass. The identified differences in the rates of linear growth and weight depending on the stocking density make it possible to establish fish productivity - in pond No. 2. It was 806.4. In pond No. 5 - it was 878.4 kg/ha. Planting 37.33 ind./ha is more productive and gives better growth indicators (average length and weight of carp fingerlings at the end of the study are 10.91 cm and 26.96 g, respectively) than planting 57.77 ind./ha (average length and weight at the back of the study 9.70 cm and 18.67 g, respectively). The planting density of 37 thousand specimens/ha makes it possible to grow fingerlings with a standard weight of 25-26 g. The influence of the stocking density factor on the weight of fingerlings is 0.92 (at a level of P > 0.001). Fish productivity in Pond No. 2 was 806.4 kg/ha, and in Pond No. 5, it was 878.4 kg/ha.

   It is generally recognised that pesticides play a significant role in the decline in the number of insects observed worldwide. The analysis of the causes of unprecedented losses of Apis mellifera L. bee colonies has been carried out. When using plant protection products in agrocenoses. The current state of knowledge on assessing the impact of pesticides on non–target objects is summarised as honey bees and other types of bee pollinators of plants. The mechanisms and features of selective exposure of insecticides from the group of neonicotinoids, butenolides and based on fipronil are described. In addition to direct lethal effects, there is a decrease in the viability and subsequent death of bee colonies as a result of changes in the cognitive abilities of worker bees, the reproductive potential of queens and drones, changes in the immune status of bee colonies and the etiological characteristics of insects. Examples of the negative impact on honeybee populations of various regions of the Russian Federation when using pesticides in agrocenoses are given. The role of organic agriculture in the conservation of honey bees and other pollinators, providing a yield comparable to the integrated plant protection system of entomophilic crops, is noted. Measures to prevent the reduction of honey bee populations due to pesticide toxicosis are outlined: 1. Compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents; 2. Providing apiaries with an optimal feed base; 3. Exclusion of highly toxic insecticides from entomophilic crop protection programs; 4. Realisation of the adaptive potential of honey bees in changing environmental conditions; 5. Transition to organic farming in the cultivation of entomophilic crops.

   An information review of innovative methods for assessing the resources of honey-bearing lands is presented. The relevance and problems of their use are noted. Alternative strategies for determining the resource potential of honey-bearing lands are shown. Scientific methods of identifying honey plants are described: the study of vegetation, analysis of the chemical composition of honey and its properties, the use of drones to survey honey grounds, and the use of artificial intelligence to process large amounts of data about honey grounds. GPS (global positioning system) technologies, which allow accurate geospatial mapping of homelands, are currently the most widespread. The identification of honey plants to improve the food supply is carried out by various methods: floral analysis of vegetation, pollen analysis, informational analysis of vegetation, and observation of the behaviour of bees in hives. New techniques for determining the land’s honey reserves and the flowering intensity of honey plants are presented: collecting nectar samples and sugar content in nectar, which helps collect data on nectar productivity and nectar quality with greater accuracy and efficiency. RFID tags are widely used for producing and managing honey stocks, monitoring the condition of hives, and determining bee colonies’ productivity. Thanks to advances in technology and scientific research, many new approaches allow for more accurate and efficient selection of resource aspects of honey lands.

   Chemical elements, as structural components of the body, influence physiological processes and functions of the organism, growth, productive and reproductive traits, resistance and others.

   In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different calcium concentrations in the wool of Holstein sires on the semen quality characteristics.

   The studies were conducted in conditions of Leningrad and Vologda regions on Holstein sires, 3–5 years old (n = 40). Calcium concentration in wool was determined by atomic emission and mass spectrometry (AES–ICP and MS–ICP). According to the results of this analysis and comparison with previously developed reference intervals, we formed four groups of sires: I – level of Ca concentration less than 25^th percentile, II and IV – within 25–75^th percentile (physiological norm: 1597–2926 mg/kg) and III – more than 75^th percentile. As a result of this distribution, the Ca concentration in the wool of animals of Group II was higher by 75.9 % compared to Group I; in turn, individuals of Group IV exceeded Group III – by 27.9 %. According to the results of semen quality characteristics evaluation, it was found that in the group of sires with Ca level within the previously developed reference intervals, the concentration of spermatozoa was higher by 15.3 % and their activity – by 0.17 points in fresh semen in comparison with the group with its reduced level (below the 25^th percentile). High Ca content (above the 75^th percentile) in wool contributed to a 9.0 % decrease in the concentration of spermatozoa compared to its average values. Thus, the calcium concentration, assessed by its level in the fur, affects the concentration and activity of sperm. It is necessary to evaluate it to improve the quality characteristics of sperm systematically.

   One of the leading roles in the hormonal system of the body of pigs in terms of functional significance is played by the thyroid gland, which, through the hormone triiodothyronine, has a complex effect on all systems, organs and physiological processes while controlling the metabolism and energy in the animal’s body. The impact of maternal genotype on the concentration and variability of triiodothyronine in complete siblings of Landrace pigs was studied. For the study, blood serum samples were taken from 33 pigs using the vacuum method from the jugular vein. Blood samples were taken according to generally accepted practices. The studies were carried out in the laboratory of the biochemistry of the Novosibirsk State Agrarian University using the technique of competitive enzyme immunoassay with a set of reagents “Steroid ELISA-triiodothyronine” to quantify the concentration of triiodothyronine in blood serum. Enzyme immunoassay was performed on a Thermo Scientific Multiskan FC analyser. In pig breeding, the content of heavy metals in water, soil, feed, organs and tissues was constantly monitored. The concentration of chemical elements did not exceed the MPC level. Statistical processing of experimental data was carried out using standard methods of descriptive statistics and the statistical programming language or data analysis environment RStudio (using the functions: descrstats, summary, sd, read.table, write. table, aes). The strength of the influence of the genotype of mothers of the Landrace breed on the triiodothyronine content in complete siblings in the conditions of Western Siberia was established, which amounted to 4.6 %. In some mothers’ offspring, the triiodothyronine level was 1.9 and 1.8 times higher than in others. Two clusters of mothers were identified according to the concentration of triiodothyronine in complete siblings, which included three groups of mothers with an average level of 2.26 nmol/l and five groups with the attention of 1.30 nmol/l. The reference limits of the triiodothyronine level in Landrace pigs in the conditions of Western Siberia were established.

   The results of a study of the genetic diversity of the Transbaikal horse breed based on the polymorphism of whey proteins TF, Es, and ALB in four herds of the Transbaikal region are presented. The Transbaikal horse belongs to the ancient aboriginal breeds and is most adapted to the local climatic conditions of dry, hot summers and frosty winters with little snow. It is unpretentious, hardy, and has a strong constitution. Research is aimed at preserving the breed’s genetic diversity by studying polymorphic variants of whey proteins, which are reliable genetic markers due to their codominant inheritance and comprehensive polymorphism. In the albumin locus, two alleles and three genotypes were identified. In the esterase locus, there are six alleles and 13 genotypes. In the transferrin locus - 7 alleles and 18 genotypes occur with different frequencies in the studied herds, which makes it possible to characterise their genotypic characteristics. Rarely encountered genotypes of the transferrin locus (less than 10 %) include eight genotypes: TFDD, TFDH, TFDI, TFDR, TFFI, TFFM, TFOR, TFR; esterase locus – 6 genotypes: EsGI, EsHH, EsHI, EsHO, EsII, EsGI. Based on the frequency of genotypes and alleles, homozygosity was calculated for each whey protein system and for the entire sample from the herd, the level of which ranges from 7.87 to 12.25 %. The overall homozygosity rate varies from 34.35 to 43.36 %, and the number of effective alleles (Na) in all herds is almost the same (2.30–2.91). Genetic variability ranges from 56.96–63.74 %. The index of gene similarity between herds is at the level of 0.8439–0.9058. The analysed herds form two subclusters: the first includes horses from the APC (Agricultural Production Cooperative) Livestock Breeding Farm named after. Kalinin and SPK “Rassvet”. In the second - animals from APC (Agricultural Production Cooperative) “Livestock Breeding Farm “Rodina” and AC (Agricultural Cooperative) “Taptanay”.

   In the conditions of a scientific and economic experiment in the mid-mountain zone of the Altai Republic, the effect on the growth performance of Simmental calves of the probiotic drug SBT-Lacto and the phytobiotic thyme extract, which were fed to the animals with milk in the first month of their life, was studied. Calves of the 1^st experimental group received thyme extract from the 22^nd to 42^nd days of life, the 2^nd group - SBT-Lacto from the 1^st to 21^st days, and the 3rd experimental group - SBT-Lacto from the 1^st day. x to the 21^st day and thyme extract from the 22^nd to the 42^nd day. It was found that the absolute increase in body weight in the 1^st experimental group did not significantly exceed the control indicator by 5.20 %; in the 2^nd experimental group, the excess was 12.49 % and was significant. The maximum effect was obtained in the 3^rd experimental group. The absolute increase in body weight of animals in this group significantly exceeded the control indicator - by 16.92 %. Thus, sequential separate feeding of thyme extract and probiotics to calves had a more pronounced positive effect on their growth. The improvement in growth rates of calves in the experimental groups can be explained by the normalisation of the composition of the intestinal microflora under the influence of the probiotic drug SBT-Lacto and the activation of digestive processes by substances contained in the thyme extract. A synergistic effect was obtained with the combined sequential use of these factors.

   The work was carried out at the pharmacogenomics laboratory of the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and in the molecular biology sector of the Siberian Federal Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale DNA was provided by poultry farms of the Republic of Mordovia of the Russian Federation. In affected birds, inflammatory changes were observed in the larynx, upper part of the trachea and infraorbital sinuses, and fibrin clots were observed in the respiratory sacs. Pathological material was subcultured in brain heart broth in the presence of antibiotics. Analysis of subcellular localisation of the OR77 protein was carried out using the SignalP-6.0 method. The immune epitope database (IEDB) was used to search for B-dependent epitopes of the OR77 gene. Primers for cloning were designed, and cloning regions of the OR77 gene containing B-dependent epitopes were simulated by ligating BamHI and HindIII into the polylinker of the shuttle vector pBE-S. Experiments were carried out to clone the active epitope sequence of the O. rhinotracheale OR77 protein in Bacillus subtilis and use it orally to identify immune activity and other possible adverse reactions. Nucleotide sequence analysis was performed using the UniproUGENEv program. The amplification procedure was carried out. The prospect of the possible synthesis of a new, inexpensive, and effective vaccine against the pathogen O. rhinotracheale is described.

   The article analyses deep agrarian transformations in Russia in the early 1920^s. With the participation of the People’s Commissariat of Agriculture and its people’s commissars - V. G. Yakovenko and A. P. Smirnova. An explanation is given for revising the Bolshevik model of Russian development in 1921, expressed in the transition to the NEP as a policy of partial “retreat to state capitalism.” Economic priorities and the main elements of the new agricultural policy are noted: allowing trade and financial freedom for peasants, restoring money circulation, diversity of forms of land use in the countryside, renting land, and using hired labour while maintaining a state monopoly on land. In the context of the ongoing transformations, the participation of the People’s Commissars of Agriculture and their role and influence in restoring Russian agriculture in the search for effective ways to develop the industry is considered. The most important facts of the personal biography of the People’s Commissars are reproduced. Against the backdrop of the consistent implementation of NEP in agriculture, there are also relapses from the Civil War era in the form of the final destruction of large landowner farms. Despite this, on the eve of the completion of the restoration process and the victory of the collectivisation course, the People’s Commissariat of Agriculture supported state support for individual solid farms and their cooperation. It advocated the exclusion of administrative measures concerning the peasantry.