The article presents the results of the influence of out-root fertilizing on the parameters of the leaf surface of varieties of domestic plums in arid conditions of light chestnut soils of the Northern Caspian. The study was conducted at the experimental site of the Caspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The pilot site was laid in 2014. Records and observations were carried out in 2019-2021. The research materials were varieties of plums Kuban early, Renclod Altana, Burbank and out-root leafy fertilizing preparations Master, Aquarin, Ultramag boron and Ultramag calcium. The leading indicators of the production process include the leaf surface area, photosynthetic capability and the net efficiency of photosynthesis, which show a close direct relationship with yield. Developing an optimal leaf surface area is an essential component of the technology and is vital for effectively absorbing light energy for photosynthesis. Analysis of the effects of micro-fertilizers Aquarin and Ultramag boron at the same time Ultramag calcium on the parameters of the leaf surface of plum trees showed that the most responsive varieties for the use of this drug were the Kuban early and Burbank varieties. The Renkloda Althana variety responded better to the action of the Master preparation. The largest leaf area formed on 1 ha, relative to the control, differed in the variant with the combined use of Aquarin, Ultramag boron and Ultramag calcium, which amounted to 3671 m2. Among the varieties, the Burbank variety was characterized by the largest leaf area formed per 1 ha, in which this indicator was 3080 m2.

Festulolium is a promising but little-studied fodder crop. The authors found that in the year of laying the herbage of Festulolium in mixtures, the height of plants increased by 6–11% compared with singlespecies sowing. However, the number of shoots per plant decreased from 3 to 2, and the root length decreased by 20%. The survival rate of plants was 84.9–97.4% after winter, depending on the year of sowing. Survival decreased to 46–92% for alfalfa in mixtures, and it was as low as 46–84% when sown with mixture seeds. This was affected by a decrease in reserve nutrients - sugars in the roots of plants. The sugar content decreased by 26%, from 5.14% to 3.77%. No positive effect was observed when sowing with alternating 1–3 rows of festulolium and 1 row of alfalfa. The introduction of nitrogen at a dose of 30 kg a.i. (active ingredient)/ha increased the efficiency of skip-row planting and sowing with a mixture of seeds by 21% due to the positive responsiveness of the components to fertiliser. An increase in the nitrogen dose to 60 kg/ha harmed alfalfa, reducing its share in the herbage to 7% by the third year of use. This decrease was due to the displacement of the more nitrogen-responsive festulolium. The efficiency of crops increases with a reduction in the share of the cereal component and an increase in the percentage of legumes with an alternation of rows of 1:3. The yield was 35.7–42.7 t/ha of green mass, which is higher than that of the single-species sowing of festulolium by 19–53%. The increase is due to an increase in the leaf coverage of alfalfa plants up to 46–49% (against 44% in control) due to the optimisation of layering in the herbage. The introduction of nitrogen at a dose of 30 kg/ha contributes to an increase in yield by 14% (0.43–5.0 t/ ha) due to the increased share of the cereal component in the mixture, an increase in the number of shoots on the plant by 11.1% and their mass by 12.5–17.8%. The introduction of N₆₀ in the joint crops of festulolium and alfalfa is not advisable since it does not give a significant increase in yield and does not pay off the costs incurred.

The research was carried out in 2018 – 2022 at the Experimental Production Farm “Bykovo” AllRussian Research Institute of Vegetable Growing - a branch of the FSBSI “FSCVG” (Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Growing”). The pilot site is located in the Ramenskoye district of the Moscow Region in the floodplain of the Moscow River. The object was Myrris scented, a representative of the Umbrella family (Umbelliferae). The genus Myrrhis includes the single species Myrrhis odorata (L.) SCOP. The Myrrhis plantation was laid out in 2009. The plot size is 8 m², on which 20 plants are located at the rate of 2.5 pcs. / m². Care consisted of loosening, manual weeding and 1-2 watering. Fruit harvesting was carried out at the onset of the first frost. The seeds were harvested by hand and matured 1.5 – 2 months after harvesting. The seed length (using a calliper), endosperm and embryo (using a microscope and a video eyepiece) were measured in four repetitions of 30 seeds each. The indices I_{E/S (Embryo/Seed)}, I_{E/E (Embryo /Endosperm)} and I_{E/S (Endosperm/Seed)} were calculated, showing the ratios of these indicators. Embryo/seed, Embryo /endosperm, and Endosperm/seed Depending on the year, the seed productivity was 13.6 – 27.3 g/plant, and the estimated yield was 339.1 – 682.0 kg/hectare. The seeds of Myrris scented had a fairly large size (16.75 - 22.23 mm) but contained a tiny embryo (1.24 - 1.99 mm), which was only 6-11% of the seed length and 7-13% of the endosperm. In comparison with other representatives of the umbrella family, Myrris scented has one of the lowest values of the index I_{E/E (Embryo /Endosperm)}. According to this indicator, its seeds should be attributed to the last fifth class. It is a tiny embryo that is one of the reasons for the phenomenon of rest inherent in the sources of myrrh scented. Furthermore, the seeds have a large percentage (10.0 – 73.3) of the phenomenon of germ-free, one of the causes of which is damage to the striped shield (Graphosoma lineatum L.).

The authors in the article provided data on the use of different varieties and hybrids of cereals and legumes. The experiments were carried out in the forest steppe of the Novosibirsk Priobya region in 2020–2022. The studies were conducted on the leached chernozem of the Praktik EEF (Educational and Experimental Farm) of the Novosibirsk Region and CJSC Livestock Breeding Farm Irmen of the Ordynsky District Novosibirsk Region. Also, the authors conducted experiments in the steppe zone on the southern chernozem of Nadezhda LLC of the Bagansky district and on grey forest medium loamy soil of the Education and Production Farm (EPF) “Garden of Michurintsev” in Novosibirsk. The research aims to study the efficiency of using the modern gene pool of grain and leguminous crops in different zones of Western Siberia. The authors found that West Siberian selection soybean varieties had higher growth and development rates than the Doka standard for 4-6 days. During studies with F1 hybrids of corn, the authors also note increased indicators of biometric parameters: plant height, green mass, and cob weight - by 20% of the Ross 140 F1 standard. High yield parameters of corn grain on the leached chernozem of the forest-steppe zone (EEF Praktik) of hybrids Ross 199 F1 - 10.2, KS-178 F1 and Krasnodar 194 F1 - 9.79 t/ha were revealed, exceeding the Ross 140 F1 standard by 40– 47%. Corn grains of hybrids F1 Ross 199 - 6.03 t/ha, Krasnodar 194 - 5.67 and KS-178 - 5.52 t/ha differed in yield with an excess of the standard by 54% on the southern chernozem of the steppe zone of Nadezhda LLC The maximum yield of corn grain is in the hybrid F1 Kuban 101 and Katerina - at 9 t/ha on the leached chernozem of CJSC Irmen stud farm. The maximum yield of soybean grain is 3.44 t/ha for SibNIIK-9 and Gorinskaya on leached chernozem, which is higher than the standard for Doka by 67 and 57%. SibNIIK-9, Omskaya 4, and Gorinskaya were distinguished on grey forest medium loamy soil. The variety of the Far Eastern selection Alena and the early ripening varieties of the RRIO collection (All-Russian Research Institute of Oilseeds, named after V. S. Pustovoit, Krasnodar): Barguzin, Lira, Sonata, and Puma, had a developed above-ground mass and low grain productivity. It was statistically determined that the genotype determined the yield of corn grain by 39%, conditions of the year - by 25%, and interaction of factors - by 20%. In experiments with soybean on leached and southern chernozem, the grain yield depended on the genotype by 42%, the conditions of the year - by 27% and the interaction of factors - by 16%, on grey forest medium loamy soil, respectively, 47; 30 and 22%.

The selection of highly productive varieties is one way to increase crop yield, including red clover. New varieties should be specialised for the type of use and resistant to limiting environmental factors. The research aims to evaluate varieties of red clover of Russian and foreign breeding in terms of fodder and seed production in the conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region. The studies were carried out in 2019–2021. on soddy medium podzolic medium loamy soil in the forest-meadow zone of the Udmurt Republic. The meteorological conditions of the growing seasons in the years of research were different: 2019 - waterlogged Hydrothermal Coefficient (HTC) - 1.73), 2020 - slightly dry (HTC - 1.04), 2021 - dry (HTC - 0, 78), incl. in May and June significant dryness was noted (HTC - 0.42 and 0.52, respectively). Clover varieties reached mowing ripe in 56–61 days. Varieties Metis, Milena and Blizard stood out on average for two years of using red clover herbage in terms of yield (5.3–5.7 t/ha of dry weight). The increase in foliage up to 44–55% to 4.9–6.2 g (mass of one stem) contributed to high yields in these varieties. The dry matter of red clover varieties contained 0.3–0.7% phosphorus, 1.2–2.4% potassium and 0.5–1.1% calcium. The highest yield of metabolic energy (49.6 and 51.4 GJ/ha), digestible protein (0.60 and 0.65 t/ha) and feed units (3.87 and 3.89 thousand units/ha) were noted in varieties Dayana and Milena. The seed productivity of red clover varieties was 155–246 kg/ha. The highest (225–246 kg/ha) was observed in types Dayana, Krynia, VIK-77, and Ganymed. The yield of varieties Milena and Metis (198 and 205 kg/ha, respectively) was at the level of the standard array.

The research was carried out at the experimental site of the Caspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2019-2021. The object of study was the fruit-bearing variety Talgar beauty. Pear trees lived under control without processing. The subject of the tests was preparations of natural origin Amulet and Ovary fruit. The analysis showed that against the background of management, both drugs accelerated fruit ripening, most of all the Ovary drug. Experimental data were processed using the method of dispersion analysis according to B.A. Dospekhov. Records and observations were carried out per the Program and methodology of various fruit, berry and nut crop studies (1999). The soil cover of the site is represented by light chestnut, carbonate, thick and medium-sized soils with a humus content of 0.40 cm 1.02% in the arable layer. The ripening of the fruits in the Ovary variants occurred 7-10 days earlier than the control and seven days earlier than the Amulet variants. Only single leaves were affected by brown spotting in variants using growth regulators. The damage caused by honeydew and aphids did not exceed 12-16%. As a result, the Ovary drug stimulated earlier fruit ripening, and the Amulet increased resistance to critical temperatures. Joint treatment with Amulet and Ovary preparations provided the most significant marketability: the yield of fruits of the highest and first grade, the one-dimensionality of fruits. The marketability of fruits was 74-91%, and in control, only 66.0%.

Air temperature and moisture availability are the main environmental factors that have a significant impact on the development of plants during the growing season. The aim of this study is to study the relationship of yield and its constituent elements with climatic factors and to show their role in the formation of productivity of winter wheat. The research was carried out in 2009-2022 in the fields of the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Growing and Breeding, a branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The research material was varieties and breeding lines of winter soft wheat of competitive variety testing. A positive dependence of the amount of precipitation and the hydrothermal coefficient in the interphase period “resumption of vegetation - trumpeting” with the duration of the growing season (r = 0.78; r = 0.73), productive tillering (r = 0.59; r = 0.64) was revealed, plant height (r = 0.60; r = 0.58), number of grains per plant (r = 0.66; r = 0.67). The correlation coefficient of productivity with the HTC and the amount of precipitation was r = 0.66 and r = 0.67, respectively, in the period of “booting - earing”. There is a significant negative correlation of resistance to lodging with both HTC and precipitation (r = -0.63; r = -0.56). The correlation coefficient of the HTC and the amount of rainfall with resistance to lodging in the interphase period “heading - wax ripeness” was significant (r = 0.55). HTC in the period “heading - wax ripeness” was directly proportional to the grain size index r = 0.60 and the amount of precipitation with a mass of 1000 grains r = 0.58. For the entire period of spring-summer vegetation, the correlation coefficient of the HTC and the amount of rainfall with the duration of the growing season was r = 0.63 and r = 0.65, respectively, with a height of r = 0.71 and r = 0.72, resistance to lodging r = -0.68 and r = -0.64 and overall bakery score r = -0.62 and r = -0.63. The amount of precipitation throughout the entire spring-summer vegetation has a positive effect on the grain weight per plant (r = 0.57). The sum of effective temperatures has a positive relationship with the nature of the grain in the period of “booting - heading” (r = 0.65). The correlation coefficient of the sum of effective temperatures with the amount of gluten in the period “heading - wax ripeness” r = 0.74 for the entire spring-summer vegetation r = 0.67.

The authors carried out a scientific study from 1990 to 2022 on 20 varieties of potatoes to study the pathogenesis of Rhizoctonia in crop production conditions and substantiate the methods of the system of protection against the disease. The fungus R. Solani persists annually in the soil and on seed tubers in the form of mycelium and sclerotia. It was found that more than 60% of the grounds of potato agroecosystems have the content of the causative agent of Rhizoctonia is many times higher than the established ETH (Economic threshold of harmfulness). Furthermore, monitoring of the phytosanitary state of potato seed material showed that, on average, about 60% of the tubers are inhabited by the causative agent of Rhizoctonia, including about 30% of the sclerotial form, which is six times higher than the phytosanitary regulations. Thus, in the region’s conditions, a double mechanism of phytopathogen transmission is provided annually. The causative agent of Rhizoctonia infects potato sprouts, subsequently causing their complete death (on average 12%) and shootouts, reducing the density of productive plants in crop plantings. At subsequent stages of growth and development of potatoes, significant expansion of the disease on the stems was noted (on average 31.4%), and stolons were damaged and died (9.3 and 5.5%, respectively), which disrupted the processes of stolon and tuberization. In the region’s conditions, Rhizoctonia occurs in the form of epiphytotic with a prevalence of 88% or more. Therefore, the potato protection strategy against Rhizoctonia should be based on methods that reduce the initial population density of the R. Solani fungus in the soils of agroecosystems and on seed tubers. Essential elements of potato cultivation technology are cropping rotation with a saturation of no more than 30% (biological efficiency - 43.2–79.5%); phytosanitary precursor, including green manure pairs (biological efficiency - 49.0–75.9%); mandatory etching with chemical preparations (biological efficiency - 54.9–98.8%) or natural origin. Using entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium robertsii and Baeuveria bassiana can be a promising direction in reducing Rhizoctonia. Dressing seed tubers with conidia of entomopathogenic fungi suppressed the development of the disease in potato plantings by 1.8–3.7%, providing an increase in yield by 12.1–19.2%. The study of the influence of Metarhizium robertsii and Baeuveria bassiana on the pathogenesis of Rhizoctonia will be continued.

About 6400 genera, including more than 64000 species, belong to ascomycotes. A significant part of ascomycetes are saprotrophs, the leading place belongs to the fungi pp. Alternaria sp. and Fusarium sр. Alternaria species are a very aggressive pathogenic genus that causes diseases in a large number of economically important crops. 300 species of the genus Alternaria have been identified worldwide, including A. dauci, A. radicinia, A. alternata, A. tenuissima, A. brassicicola and A. solani. Crop losses from the genus Alternaria can reach from 40 to 90%. Leaves, petioles and stems are affected. The genus Fusarium includes a number of species that are the causes of various diseases on most agriculturally significant crops. The most common are: F. oxysporum, causing wilting diseases and affecting the vascular system of plants. F. avenaceum is a widespread species, and F. poae belongs to the section Sporotrichiella Wollenw. Fusarium is a common and dangerous fungal disease. Plants are affected at any age. The fungus is located in the soil and penetrates into the plant through the soil and wounds. In young plants, the disease manifests itself in the form of rotting of the roots and root neck. Based on the above pathogenesis, the purpose of our research was to monitor, identify pathogenic fungi pp. Fusarium sр. and Alternaria sрp and develop a scheme with the gradual inclusion of phytopathological methods in the breeding process. Thus, using phytopathological methods of isolating pathogens of alternariasis and fusariasis from different organs of plants and soil, a collection of the most aggressive pathogens pp. Fusarium and Alternaria has been created. Comparative analyses of the informativeness of various methods of immunological assessment of resistance depending on the type of pathogen allowed us to develop and test a scheme for the sequential inclusion in the selection process of various methods that are applicable at different stages of plant development in order to increase the effectiveness of selection for group resistance to pathogens pp. Fusarium and Alternaria. The applied selection and immunological system of methods made it possible to create new tolerant hybrids, as well as valuable starting material with complex resistance to A. radicina, A.dauci and F.oxysporum was obtained from various lines and variety populations.

On the dark grey forest soils of the taiga zone of the Yenisei Siberia, the structure of the weed component of agrophytocenoses of perennial grasses is dominated by perennial segetal and segetal-ruderal weed species, the proportion of which is 60-70%. Using Magnum herbicides in timothy grass Kazachinskaya 2 and Lontrel-300 in the crops of meadow fescue grass Kazachinskaya 182 allowed for reducing the contamination of fields with perennial weeds from medium to weak. Herbicides reduce 94% the weight of weeds from 1 ha while increasing the biomass of timothy grass by 30%. Against the background of fertilizers, the weight of weeds decreased by 85.3%, and the importance of timothy grass increased by 118%. Mineral fertilizers increase the yield of timothy seeds for three years of use from 3.64 c / ha to 5.31-8.62 c / ha and oatmeal seeds - from 3.22 c/ ha to 4.97-6.91 c /ha. The complete collection of grass seeds was obtained on variants N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ with the leading share of the influence of nitrogen fertilizers, the introduction of which increased the yield of timothy seeds by 125% and fescue by 87%. The introduction of potash fertilizers caused an increase in the output of timothy grass of the 2 and 3 g. p. by 160 and 190%, respectively, and fescue of the 2 g. p. by 160%. The sowing qualities of seeds characterized by germination energy, germination and weight of 1000 seeds of timothy increased under the influence of phosphorus and potash fertilizers.

Scientific research was carried out on the experimental field of the North-Western Scientific Research Institute of Dairy and Grassland Farming, a separate subdivision of the VolRC RAS (Vologda Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences), located in the village of Dityatyevo, Vologda region. The soil under the field experiment is soddy-podzolic, medium loamy, and medium cultivated. Spring rapeseed is a valuable oilseed, fodder and industrial crop. It can be successfully grown in most regions of the Russian Federation, including the Vologda region. In the field experiment, we studied the cultivation of two varieties of domestic breeding - Yubileiny and Nabat and three hybrids of spring rapeseed of foreign breeding - Smilla, Salsa KL and Mirakl. The authors studied the productivity and nutritional value of spring rape varieties in the conditions of the North-West of the Russian Federation for 2020 and 2021. In the current unfavourable weather conditions in 2020, the development phases were delayed due to insufficient heat supply and insufficient moisture in 2021, which negatively affected the spring rapeseed crops. Harvesting for green mass was carried out in the recommended phases of plant development - the end of the newborn stage and the beginning of flowering. The high yield of the green group in 2020 was provided by the domestic varieties Yubileiny and Nabat (14.1 and 12,3 t/ha), and in 2021 - hybrids of foreign selection Salsa KL and Mirakl (10.9 and 10.2 t/ha). In terms of protein and fat content in the green mass, the best indicators for two years of research are in the varieties Salsa Kl and Miracle (in 2020, protein - 14.1%, fat - 3.1-3.3%; in 2021, protein 14.4- 15.9%, fat - 2.6-2.9%).

The study aimed to assess the carbon balance in leached chernozem when used in a long-term field experiment in 2 variants: with annual ploughing to a depth of 25 – 27 cm and surface treatment by 6 – 8 cm. In the experiment, spring wheat was grown using intensive technology in a crop rotation, pure fallow - wheat - wheat. The variants of the experiment differed in the number of plant residues: straw was removed from half of the fields, and on the other half, it was planted and crushed into the soil after harvesting. The authors estimated the carbon balance based on the element’s input into the ground with plant residues (straw and roots) and its losses in the form of CO₂  from the soil’s organic matter during the growing season. The total loss of С–СО₂ for the period May – September was calculated based on the average daily rate of production of СО₂ , which was determined in the field of pure fallow once a week by the absorption method. Minimization, the transition from ploughing to surface tillage, did not significantly impact the average annual wheat yield (2.49 – 2.60 t/ha) and the number of plant residues (1670 – 1818 kg C/ha of arable land). Also, between these treatment backgrounds, no significant differences were found in the average annual mineralization of organic matter and the carbon balance in the soil. These indicators depended only on the amount of plant matter (straw and roots) entering the ground. The poor credit of carbon in the land (-752 kg C/ha of arable land) was registered when straw was alienated from the field. When it was left on the field, the balance of the element became much more favourable (-88 kg C/ha of arable land), approaching a deficit-free state. The authors concluded that a carbon balance close to a deficit-free one was ensured, regardless of the primary tillage with an average annual wheat yield in a 3-field grain-fallow crop rotation of about 2.5 t/ha of grain and the incorporation of the entire non-marketable part of the crop into the soil in the leached chernozem.

The relevance of this work is to identify the features of the domestication of the American mink (Neovison vison) depending on the behavioural type of animals. For example, the authors found that aggressive females and males of the black crystal genotype exceeded the average live weight of tame animals of the same genotype by 141 and 269 g, respectively. On the other hand, aggressive and tame females of the Hedlund genotype did not differ in body weight (778 and 804 g), while males of domestic behaviour were 150 g heavier. Furthermore, the amount of food eaten between tame and aggressive minks in both genotypes also differs. Thus, the difference was 1160 g per one averaged head in the bold line of black crystal, while in the aggressive line of Hedlund, it was 1090 g. However, no grounds exist to state that food intake varies significantly depending on the genotype. There are no differences between females in terms of average daily gains. Regardless of belonging to the genotype and the nature of the behaviour, they vary within 7.3–8.6 g. A similar picture is observed for males of tame lines: 12.4– 13.4 g, while aggressive black crystal males of the compared lines had an average daily gain of 18.3 g versus 11.0 g for aggressive Hedlund males. In this regard, one average head’s feed cost per production unit was reduced by 7.7 g. Thus, the authors found the lowest feed price per unit of production of one medium head for the aggressive line of the black crystal - 27.0 g and the manual line of Hedlund - 25.5 g.

 Several factors determine the development of internal organs. They characterise the intensity of animals’ growth, physique, constitutional strength, resistance to diseases of various genesis and, in general, the adaptive ability of animals. The authors assessed the absolute mass of such parenchymal abdominal organs as the liver, kidneys, and spleen of Landrace pigs. A group of representatively selected pigs, taking into account their origin, sex, age, and live weight, was formed at the early stages of the technological cycle. The total number of animal units was 12. The fattening of the animals took place on a large pig farm in the Altai Territory. The conditions of keeping the animals corresponded to the regular feeding for meat fattening. In addition, a preventive plan for vaccinated animals and systematic veterinary control was provided. Based on the current technical instructions and other regulatory documents, Slaughter was carried out at the end of the technological cycle when the live weight reached 100 kg. The absolute mass of organs without surrounding structures was determined by weighing on a balance with a high accuracy class. The obtained data were evaluated using Microsoft Office Excel and the R programming language in the data analysis environment RStudio version 2022.07.2+576 (RStudio, PBC). The visual assessment showed the absence of pathological and anatomical changes in organs. Based on the ShapiroWilk test, a normal distribution was established in all cases. For the liver, the W-criterion is 0.93, the kidneys - 0.90 and the spleen - 0.98; the significance level is more significant than 0.05. In pigs, the median absolute weight of the liver was 1542.0 g; for the kidneys - 303.0, and the spleen - 164.0 g; The 95% confidence interval for kidneys is 133.0–195.0 g; for the spleen - 120.0–197.0; for the liver - 1310.0–1792.0 g. The article presents the indicators of the variability of the trait under consideration. The authors established interbreed differentiation of pigs by the mass of parenchymal organs.

Genome-wide association study is currently one of the most effective methods for identifying polymorphisms and loci associated with economically significant traits of productive animals. The article presents data obtained during a genome-wide association study for the “live weight” indicator in the Severocavcazskaya sheep breed. Animal genotyping was carried out using Ovine Infinium HD BeadChip 600K DNA biochips. Genotyping quality control, as well as genome-wide association analysis, was performed using PLINK V.1.07 software. Visualization and plotting were carried out using the QQman package in the R programming language. As a result of the work done, six single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified that overcame the significance threshold – log10(p) = 5. The rs419523766, rs418460707, rs420899508, rs425865365, and rs422334764 polymorphisms are located in the intergenic regions, and rs398681425, in the downstream part of the protein-coding gene. Based on the studies carried out, we can propose four new candidate genes associated with sheep live weight: C1H1orf94, KCNA4, S100-A7 and ZNF706. The function of the C1H1orf94 gene has yet to be clarified, while the rest of the genes perform essential functions, including in the regulation of metabolic processes. Further studies should be aimed at confirming the influence of the proposed candidate genes on the phenotype of animals and at proving th\e relationship of the detected polymorphisms with confirmation indicators of sheep. 

This article continues a series of works by the authors devoted to most of the karyopathological effects of vaccines used in agriculture. The authors of the test cytogenetic analysis of the impact caused by the LTF130 vaccine from an attenuated culture of the fungus Trichophyton verrucosum TF-130 L VGNKI in peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy 30-day-old healthy Holstein Colonial calves. The experiment was conducted on the material and technical basis of two departments: veterinary genetics and biotechnology, epizootiology and microbiology, FSBEI HE “Novosibirsk State Agrarian University”. The authors found that the spectrum of induced cytogenetic disorders included polyploid, hyper- and hypoploid cells, chromatid and chromosome breaks, and single and paired fragments of chromosomes, regardless of the time since the introduction of the vaccine. They did not differ from the spectrum of spontaneously occurring mutations in this species. It was noted that among cells with a changed number of chromosomes, polyploid cells with tetraploid sets (79.3–91.9%) and aneuploid cells with hypoploid sets (45.7–74.3%) of chromosomes predominated. The authors found a decrease in the frequency of polyploid cells seven days after vaccination of calves against trichophytosis to 1.6%, control - 3.4 ± 0.57% (P < 0.01). An increase in the frequency of hyperploid cells 14 days after vaccination of calves against trichophytosis up to 3.69% was revealed due to trisomy (2.91 ± 0.74%, P < 0.05) and tetrasomy (0.78 ± 0.39%, P < 0.01). An increase in the frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations was found 2 and 7 days after vaccination of calves against trichophytosis, respectively, to 5.74 and 5.24% due to breaks (4.49 ± 1.03 and 3.31 ± 0.66%, P < 0.01–0.01) and paired fragments of chromosomes (1.38 ± 0.43%, Р < 0.05).

The results of the atomic absorption analysis of the elemental status of pigs of Kemerovo breed are presented. The studies were carried out in pig farm in Kuzbass. Organ samples from pigs were taken immediately after slaughter and analyzed at the Analytical Center for Collective Use of the Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy (ACCU Sobolev IGM SB RAS) by atomic absorption spectrometry with flame and electrothermal atomization using SOLAAR M6 spectrometer (USA) according to State Standard 26929-94 “Raw food and food products. Cadmium levels in bristles (W=0.94, p>0.05) and kidneys (W=0.92, p>0.05) were characterized by normal distribution. In the breeding zone of the Kemerovo breed, the content of heavy metals in soil, water and feed was studied, which did not exceed the MPC. The mean cadmium levels in the kidneys and spleen were within the standard intervals established for pigs. Cadmium levels in the spleen and bristle were characterized by a smaller interquartile range relative to the kidneys. The obtained data on the concentration of cadmium in the organs and bristles of pigs of the Kemerovo breed can be used for the intravital assessment of the interior of animals.

The study aims to evaluate the influence of the ecological and geographical factors on the zinc content of light Hereford bulls and calculate the reference intervals for this metal. Lung samples weighing 100 g were taken from clinically healthy bulls of the Hereford breed in the Maslyaninsky, Novosibirsk and Krasnozersky districts of the Novosibirsk region and the Tselinny district of the Altai Territory. The chemical composition of lung tissues was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization. The homoscedasticity of dispersions in groups was assessed using the Fligner-Keelin test. The influence of the factor was determined using the Kruskal-Wallisl test. Multiple intergroup comparisons were made using Dunn’s test and Holm’s correction. The maximum zinc level was found in animals bred in the Maslyaninsky district (26.6 mg/kg) and the minimum – in Krasnozersky (13.8 mg/kg). Cattle from the Maslyaninsky district are characterized by higher phenotypic variability in zinc content in the lungs than in other areas. Generally, the variability of the studied metal in the lungs of gobies is relatively low. Group variances in the zinc level in cattle lungs are homoscedastic (x² =2.27; P=0.518). The influence of the ecological and geographical factors on the zinc level in Hereford cattle’s lungs was established (H = 12.158; P = 0.007). The concentration of metal in the lungs of bulls from the Krasnozersky district is statistically significantly different from cattle from Maslyaninsky (Z = -2.96; P = 0.009). There were no statistically significant differences in Zn concentration in lung tissues between animals from other regions. Reference intervals for the content of zinc in the lungs of Hereford cattle in the conditions of the south of Western Siberia are 12.44-24.12 mg/kg, with 90% confidence intervals for the lower limit of 10.15-13.66 mg/kg and the upper limit of 22.73 -26.49 mg/kg.

Two series of experiments on the effect of E-selenium on the reproductive function of sturgeons were conducted with different ways of introducing the drug into the body: through feed and injection. The effectiveness of the action of E-selenium was shown in two experiments. First, its ability to accelerate the process of maturation of oocytes was revealed due to the stimulation of generative metabolism and bringing it into line with the stages of the sexual cycle based on the biochemical parameters of the blood. An increase in the concentration in the blood by 1.4 times by the end of the 50-day experiment of total protein and beta-lipoproteins, which include ovovitelin (vitellogenin) during the period of vitellogenesis, as well as a moderate increase in haemoglobin concentration, indicates an increase in generative metabolism. It was noted that the metabolism of control fish was directed to somatic growth to a greater extent than that of experimental fish, as a result of which the average weight of females in control was 1.5 times higher than in the first series of experiments and weight of experimental fish was the same and increased by 6% in power in the second series. The role of the drug as a stabilizer of the physiological state of females, due to its high antioxidant properties, has been noted. When used, the existing signs of a stress state disappear, in contrast to the control fish in which they are detected: an increased cholesterol level, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and a decrease in haemoglobin concentration. The most significant effect from the use of the drug was obtained when the feed was irrigated with E-selenium, in which the number of mature fish after 50 days of the experiment was 2.7 times greater than in control, with a simultaneous halving of immature fish. In the case of the injection of females with this preparation, the number of fish at the IV stage of gonadal maturity in the experimental group after 50 days increased by 1.7 times. In the control group, on the contrary, it decreased by 1.2 times, with a constant proportion of females by the III stage of gonadal maturity.

Artificial insemination of poultry allows for an increase in reproductive qualities, reduces feed costs for products, and improves breeding work. The authors evaluated the reproductive and productive attributes of roosters of two different lines on adult birds of the IZA-F-15 cross by phases and during the effective period. All hens in both groups belonged to the maternal form of this cross. It was found that the males of the M-22 line were superior to their peers of the M-99 line in terms of ejaculate volume and the number of sperm per 1 ml in the productive period phases and for the entire cycle of their use. The sperm parameters (number of standard forms of spermatozoa and their motility) were similar in both groups of roosters and amounted to 71.35 - 73.79% and 7.07 - 7.5 points, respectively. Roosters of the M-22 line were superior to those of the M-99 line in terms of a set of indicators of reproductive qualities (ejaculate volume, sperm count per 1 ml, fertility and hatching egg yield). Differences in hands were statistically significant. However, the egg production of laying hens and the average weight of their eggs were high. Using males of different lines in artificial insemination did not reveal significant differences in these indicators. The fertility of eggs and the yield of hatching eggs significantly increased in hens inseminated with the sperm of M-22 roosters (group 2), compared with the control, respectively, from 95.94 to 97.33 and from 89.14 to 91.14%. At the same time, the output of broiler chickens in both groups was at a high level and almost the same (80.21 and 82.25%).

Besides obtaining valuable beekeeping products, bee families have a positive effect when pollinating forest plants, ensuring both high productivity of resources and promoting the conservation and favourable development of natural populations of forest species. The object of the study, the lands of the forest fund of the Toratau geopark of the Republic of Bashkortostan, serve as an optimization of the number, expansion of the range and maintaining the genetic purity of the population of the indigenous Burzyan side bee (Apis mellifera L). There needs to be more information on the inventory of honey resources on the territory of the Geopark. Therefore, the goal was to determine the honey stock of forest land for productive medical collection and rational use of resources. As a result of research, land with an area of 479,640 hectares was covered with forest, which includes significant territories of linden stands (213335 hectares - 44.5%) and broad-leaved forest that does not have nectarines of linden and maple (194924 ha - 40.6%). Lipnyak is characterized by a biological resource potential of 96117283.3 kg and a broad-leaved forest, respectively, 904447.36 kg. The total estimated honey reserve of the territory of the Republic of Belarus mountain-forest zone consists of 104 595 108 kg, which will allow for keeping up to 560,704 bee families. Small-leaved linden accounts for 89.3%, located extremely unevenly in the studied territory. In the years favourable for the production of linden, the organization of nomadic beekeeping is necessary. The share of nectar reserves of maple, willow and grassy communities relative to but is small and amounts to 9.6%. However, given the instability of colour and nectar release of linden, the presence of alternative sources of nectar allows the preservation of the number of stationary bee families in the “lean years.”

Farm animals’ growth, development and realization of productive qualities are closely interrelated by enzymatic transformations of amino acids, proteins and other complex nitrogenous compounds. Aspartate aminotransferase (AsT) is involved in the metabolism of amino acids in the cycles of urea, tricarboxylic acids and gluconeogenesis. The level of AsT in the blood depends on many paratypical and genetic factors. The paper presents the results of a biochemical analysis of the AsT content in the blood serum of Holstein bulls aged 12-13 months, who are descendants of 4 breeding bulls. Blood sampling was carried out in animals with a live weight of 330-365 kg, bred in the conditions of a large livestock enterprise located in Western Siberia. The level of AsT in the blood serum of animals was determined by the Reitman-Frenkel colourimetric method using reagents “Transaminase AsT Novo” (manufacturer “Vector-Best” Russia). It was found that the average value of the AsT content in the groups of sons was lower than the generally accepted physiological norm and, for all descendants, was 22.44 ± 1.29 E/l. The reference interval for AsT based on the central 95% percentile with 90% confidence intervals was 12.29 (8.67...15.91) - 34.84(31.2... 38.5) E/l. The descendants of different fathers had different phenotypic variability of the indicator and differed in the level of AST. Thus, the descendants of the bull-producer Brio were characterized by a higher level compared to the sons of the bulls Malstrem and Fabio by 1.69 and 1.8 times, respectively. The revealed differences indicate the hereditary determination of the AsT level in Holstein cattle. The strength of the influence of the father’s factor was 0.18.

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of different doses of Biosteel, when administered orally, on the reproductive ability of American mink females of the Standard dark brown (+/+) genotype with a positive and negative defensive reaction to humans. The studies were carried out at the Department of Obstetrics, Anatomy and Histology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of the Novosibirsk State Agrarian University and based on the Mustelidae Genetics Sector of the Center for Collective Use “Gene Pools of Fur and Agricultural Animals” of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In the technology of reproduction of animals of the experimental and control groups, the system of conducting the rut, generally accepted on fur farms, was used. Biosteel was applied to females and males of Standard dark brown (+/+) American mink of manual and aggressive types of behaviour at a dose of 0.05 ml/kg and 0.025 ml/kg of body weight before mating for five days and during mating for five days. The effectiveness of using Biosteel to improve the reproductive function of females depended on its dose and the type of animal behaviour. Compared with the minks of the control groups, the females of the experimental groups showed higher rates of reproductive ability. In the group of tame females that received the drug with food at a dose of 0.05 ml/kg of body weight, there were no dead females, the survival of puppies in the first seven days of life increased by 3.8 times, and there was a tendency to reduce stillbirths. Biosteel had a pronounced beneficial effect on the reproduction of females with an aggressive type of behaviour at a dose of 0.025 ml/kg of body weight: the integral reproduction index increased by 1.13 heads. And the number of females that successfully whelped by 17%, the number of females without offspring decreased by 5.9 times, and the mortality of minnows in the first seven days of life declined by 3.9%. The absolute body weight of the offspring of females by the time of jigging increased by 19.2 – 24.5%, and by 6 – 7 months of age – by 4 – 11%.

The article presents the data of domestic and foreign authors on the features of the oestrous process of American minks. The results of studies of the cytological structure of the vaginal smear in American minks during estrus are presented. The study was conducted on clinically healthy American mink females of the Standard dark brown (+/+) genotype in 92 animals before the technological rut (February 20-28). A vaginal smear was taken at different periods of changes in the external genital organs - the genital loop, taking into account the scoring of its development (from 0 to 5 points). Microscopic examination of smears taken during this period showed a predominance of superficial, intermediate, and parabasal cells and a small number of basal and spindle cells. The analysis of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio made it possible to indicate the specificity of the morphometric parameters of the cells of the vaginal integumentary epithelium. Surface epitheliocytes and intermediate cells have a sizeable cytoplasmic area and a low nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of 0.034. Parabasal cells have the minimum size of the nucleus and cytoplasm but a high value of the nuclear-cytoplasmic percentage, seven times higher than that of superficial cells and three times intermediate. Quantitative proportions of epithelial cells of the vaginal smear cytogram from February 20 to 28 correspond to the proestrus-estrus stage. The data obtained indicate significant features of the morphological changes in the integumentary epithelium of the vagina and the difference in the cytological dynamics of the oestrous cycle in American minks from other mammals. The cytogram of the vaginal smear of minks with a 4-5 point assessment of the readiness of females for mating does not contain the predominant number of keratinized epithelial cells, which is characteristic of most mammals during the period of ovulation. An important morphological criterion in the analysis of the vaginal smear cytogram in minks is the value of the ratio of superficial and parabasal cells and scales and parabasal cells.

The authors conducted morphological studies of the structure of the semilunar heart valves in Siberian roe deer aged 1.5-2 years. The authors used the hearts of 3 males obtained in the Irkutsk region for research. The work used elements of access to semilunar valves, photographing and morphometry of structures of the mouth of the pulmonary trunk and aorta. The aortic valve of the Siberian roe deer is formed by three flaps (left, right and septal), where the morphometric parameters of the free edge of the left flap exceed the values of the other two. The greatest severity of the bottom part of the pockets is noted at the level of the left and right flaps. Their weight ranges from 4.2 ± 0.13 to 7.45 ± 0.27 mm. The authors noticed the severity of nodules on 55.6% of the flaps, where the nodule is shifted relative to the centre of the free edge of the flap by 11.4%. Three flaps represent the semilunar valve of the pulmonary trunk: left, intermediate and right, where the value of the height of the valve flaps is at the level of 12.2 ± 0.11 mm, width – 28.3 ± 0.29 and thickness – 0.18 mm. The bottom part is developed in all pockets of the valve, it covers almost the entire lumen of the mouth, and the most significant development was in the right bag – 5.9 ± 0.11 mm. Valve nodules were noted in 67% of the valves, where the percentage of deviation from the centre was similar to the aortic valve. By analyzing the indicators of the distance between the sash commissures and the width of its free section, it is possible to judge the severity of the elasticity of the wall of the pulmonary trunk and aorta. At the same time, the width of the free edge of the flap exceeds the value of the distance between the commissures at the pulmonary trunk valve by 1.4 and the aortic valve by 1.34 times.

The effect of the experimental preparation Vetom 20.76 based on Arthrobotrys oligospora on the biochemical blood parameters of experimental rats was shown. A complex of preclinical studies to study acute toxicity was carried out on nonlinear white rats (females) at eight weeks of age. Four experimental and one control group were formed. Animals from the experimental groups were injected once with the test drug in the range of test doses (5 µl/kg, 50 µl/kg, 300 µl/kg, 5000 µl/kg). The experimental animals were observed daily for 14 days. The animals of the experimental groups had positive growth and development dynamics even at the drug dosage of 5000 µl/kg. A complex of blood biochemical studies was investigated during preclinical studies in experimental animals. The primary biochemical indicators of blood serum studied during the experiment: total protein (g/L), albumin (g/L), globulin (g/L), creatinine (μmol/L), ALT (U/L), glucose (mmol/L), phosphorus (mmol/L), calcium (mmol/L), potassium (mmol/L), sodium (mmol/L) and total cholesterol (mmol/L). At the end of the study, we stated the improvement of indicators characterizing metabolic processes and protective function of the body of experimental rats as a result of using the drug, both relative to the original data and compared with counterparts from the control. During the study, all biochemical indices of the blood serum of the experimental rats in the studied groups remained within the physiological norm, indicating the drug’s safety. Furthermore, no undesirable side effects were recorded in the animals, even when using Vetom 20.76 at the maximum dose. Therefore, Vetom 20.76 was assigned to the fourth toxicity class according to SS (State Standard) 12.1.007-76.

The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using the entomophagous of the Habrobracon in honeycombs as a means of biological protection of the land from wax moths. We have conducted studies on the possibility of using organic beekeeping to protect honeycombs from wax moths through Habrobracon. Since the timing of seasonal colonization of wax moths in biological protection is paramount, to get the maximum benefit from using entomophagous, we conducted a two-factor experiment, taking into account the diversity of treatments and the amount of entomophagous used. The group produced entomophagous; 60-70% accounted for females and 30-40% for males. During our research, we formed eleven groups of 19 frames with dry. The authors placed a structure of freshly woven honeycombs with honey residues in the middle of the hive to provide nutrition for imago-entomophagous. The formed groups were identified in 20 frame hives that filled the land. As a result of the peculiarities of the entomophagous to penetrate various holes and cracks, the hives were located apart from each other at a distance allowing to prevent the entomophagous from entering from another pack. No protective treatments were carried out in the control group, and when setting a negative experience along with the dry, frames were placed in the hive, already affected by larvae and wax moth pupae. During the season, the authors visually noted the degree of damage to combs by wax moths. The effectiveness of using Habrobracon as a biological protection of combs was determined by the number of natural frames that flew out, parasitic caterpillars and adults of the wax moth. Assessing the degree of damage to honeycombs by wax moth, it was noted that in variants where the placement of entomophagous was seven pieces or more per m² with the subsequent settlement of their population according to the research scheme, there were practically no cell lesions. However, it should be noted in some hives, the presence of wax moth larvae is affected by entomophagous. The pest affected the entire land by July-August simultaneously in both the control and group where the negative experience was laid. Our studies convincingly prove the practicality of using the bee’s cells to combat the larva of the wax moth. The entomophagous of the Habrobracon blunted in the amount of 7 pcs/m² , with the population settling during the season by a 4-fold release of the entomophagous.

There is practically no statistical analysis of the influence of the degree of inbreeding on the reproductive qualities of laboratory mini-pigs in the literature. The present work is aimed at determining the impact of the inbreeding factor on the development of such signs of reproduction as live weight at birth, multiple births and the safety of piglets during the suckling period. Laboratory mini-pigs bred at the Institute of Cytology, and Genetics SB RAS (Novosibirsk, Russia) were selected as the research object. The following signs were directly evaluated: the mass of an individual at birth (significant fertility); intra-nest minimum and maximum by live weight at birth; the intra-nest standard deviation of live weight at birth; the number of live piglets in the nest at birth (multiple births); safety from birth to 30 days; safety from the 6th to the 30th day of life. The results showed that the relationship between Shapiro and the inbreeding coefficient by Wright did not significantly affect the studied traits. The use of a linear regression model in the analysis indicates the existence of an inverse dependence of the intra-nest standard deviation of the live weight of a newborn piglet on the Wright inbreeding coefficient. An assumption was made explaining the almost complete absence of the influence of the inbreeding coefficient on the development of the average values of reproductive traits. This was because of the breeding system, in which close inbreeding was used with “looping” on the best animals. The primary vector of selection is aimed at the viability and development of a harmonious exterior of animals. Thus, systematic closely related crosses with the primary vector contributed to the purification of the herd from harmful recessive mutations, which are considered the leading cause of the negative consequences of inbreeding