The purpose of the work is to investigate the statistical parameters and patterns of variability of agrochemical indicators of agro–gray soil, elements of the structure of the spring wheat crop within the plots of the experimental field. Experimental data were obtained on the basis of observations conducted on agricultural landscapes Sukhobuzimskoye land areas in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe of the Krasnoyarsk geomorphological district, located borders the Chulym-Yenisei denudation plateau in the southwestern outskirts of Central Siberia. The results of the intra-field heterogeneity of the agrochemical properties of the agro-gray soil and the elements of the structure of the spring wheat crop on the site intended for field experiment are presented. The key statistical and geostatistical values of the intrafield heterogeneity are determined. The statistics of agrochemical indicators and the results of crop data from the plots intended for the placement of repetitions are analyzed. The materials of the agrochemical survey of the agro-gray soil revealed a low humus content. The level of spatial variation of the indicator corresponded to the average. The scope of variation is represented by values covering only one gradation of the evaluation scale. The entire studied area was characterized by a slightly acidic reaction of the medium according to the average pH values. Its variation in the 0-20 cm soil layer indicated uniformity of distribution in space. The level of variability of agrochemical indicators decreased in the following series: yield (40 %) > humus (19 %) > P₂O₅ (13 %) > K₂O (10 %) > pH₂O (4 %). According to the generalization of geostatistical information, the analyzed site is classified as unaligned in terms of soil fertility. In general, the soil fertility of the studied area had a significant variation, which determined the choice of elements of the field experience methodology. When laying out field experience, it is necessary to choose the appropriate elements of the methodology: a randomized method of placing repetitions, rectangular or elongated forms of plots.

The problem of radiation exposure to organisms is relevant for areas where nuclear industry enterprises are located. Plant biotests are widely used for biotesting of anthropogenic factors affecting the environment, including radiation. The sensitivity of growth and cytogenetic parameters of the biotest based on Pisum sativum to the action of gamma irradiation n has been shown before, but only at high doses. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the influence of low-dose gamma irradiation on the development of Pisum sativum over 6-10 days after irradiating the sprouts. In the experiments, seeds of the Radomir sowing variety from the collection of the pea breeding laboratory of Krasnoyarsk Research Institute of Agriculture - Federal Research Centre Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center SB RAS were used. Pea sprouts were irradiated with a ¹³⁷Cs source for 24 and 72 hours, with the absorbed dose being 20 and 62 mGy. After irradiation, the sprouts were grown in a climatic chamber on hydroponics for 10 days (240 hours). The control consisted of non-irradiated sprouts grown under identical conditions. The experiments for the first time provided reliable data on the negative effects of gamma irradiation (20 and 62 mGy) on the development of sowing peas 6-10 days after irradiation. A negative effect of gamma irradiation on the growth of the main and lateral roots of young plants was revealed. The experiments with irradiated pea sprouts confirmed the previously known fact that plant roots are more sensitive to irradiation compared to shoots. The pattern of change in the length of the main root of peas over time during germination at a dose of 20 mGy is described by a linear equation, while for a higher dose of irradiation, 62 mGy, the data can be approximated by a logarithmic equation with saturation. The different character of root length dependence on the time of cultivation after irradiation indicates a possible trend in plant growth under various doses of irradiation and cultivation times.

Currently, the adaptability and stability of the trait under study, i.e., the ability of a variety to maintain the optimal level of the trait in different soil and climatic conditions, is of particular importance in the breeding process. A research was conducted to comprehensively study the parameters of adaptability, stability and stress resistance in terms of yield of diploid winter rye varieties of different ecological and geographical origins in the conditions of Western Siberia. The experimental part of the study was carried out during 2019–2021, at the experimental site of SibNIIRS - a branch of the ICG SB RAS, located in the West Siberian region. The material for the research was: 6 varieties of winter rye from of the FRC «N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Genetic Resources» (Korotkostebelnaya 69, Sibirskaya 87, Chulpan, Pamyati Kunakbaeva, Sinilga, Alisa) and 8 varieties from the Republican unitary enterprise «Research and Practical Center of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus for Arable Farming» (Lota, Kalinka, Golubka, Vostok, Verdun, Talisman, Zubrovka, Yubileinaya). According to the results of two-factor analysis of variance, the yield was influenced by genotypic differences between varieties - 77.34% (P < 0.05) and the prevailing growing conditions in different years of research - 11.98% (P < 0.05). The varieties Sibirskaya 87 (689.0 g/m2) and Yubileinaya (706.0 g/m2) were characterized by productivity at the level or higher than the standard Korotkostebelnaya 69 (650 g/m2). As a result of a comprehensive assessment using ranking for adaptability, stability and stress resistance, the following winter rye varieties were identified: Yubileynaya (102), Korotkostelnaya 69 (97), Sibirskaya 87 (87), Zubrovka (79), Alisa (77), Talisman (74). The selected varieties are capable of producing relatively high yields in the contrasting conditions of Western Siberia.

The most reliable and effective way to improve both productivity and quality of green mass is the use of heterosis breeding. The purpose of the current work was to study the heterosis effect of green mass quality indicators in sorghum-Sudan hybrids developed based on cytoplasmic male sterility. The object of the study was the sorghum-Sudan hybrids developed by the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. Dry matter productivity varied among the hybrids within 746-1202 g/m² . The highest values have been observed in the combinations with the CMS-line ‘APV-1115’ (1045 g/m² ). The heterosis effect on the dry matter productivity was found in all hybrids. Four hybrids ‘APV-1115 x Kudesnitsa’, ‘APV-1115 x ChT-22’, ‘Dzhetta x ChT-2’, ‘APV-1115 x Svetloplenchataya 4’ have significantly exceeded the standard in terms of dry matter productivity by 184-270 g/m² with high rates of hypothetical (38.1-64.1%), true (93.2-142.0%) and competitive (19.8-28.9%) heterosis. Digestible protein yield has ranged from 49 to 84 g/m² . Among the hybrids, the greatest heterosis effect was identified in the hybrids ‘Demetra x Svetloplenchataya 4’ (H_hyp.=43.4%, H_true.=125.4%), ‘Dzhetta x Yaktik’ (H_hyp.=70.5%, H_true.=142.3%), ‘APV-1115 x Kudestitsa’ (H_hyp.=72.8%, H_true.=108.9%), ‘APV-1115 x Svetloplenchataya 2’ (H_hyp.=81.0%, H_true.=118.4%), ‘APV1115 x ChT-22’ (H_hyp.=103.3%, H_true.=118.4%). In the course of the study, there has been found that according to the content of crude protein, ash, oil, fiber and nitrogen-free extractive substances (NES), the most hybrids possessed partial or incomplete dominance of large values. However, to obtain even a slight heterosis according to the content of protein, fiber, and NES content, at least one parent had to have high trait values. Based on the complex of the heterotic effect according to the green mass quality indicators, there have been identified such hybrids as ‘Dzhetta x Yaktik’, which exceeded the large parental form in terms of dry matter (H_true.=10.5%) and oil (H_true.=14.4%); ‘Dzhetta x ChSS’ which exceeded the large parental form in terms of dry matter and crude protein (H_true.=14.3 and 1.3%); ‘Demetra x Svetloplenchataya 4’ which exceeded the large parental form in terms of crude protein, dry matter, and ash (H_true.=3.8; 5.9 and 6.4%, respectively). In general, the data obtained have indicated the prospects of using cytoplasmic male sterility in breeding not only for productivity, but also for quality.

During 2011–2023 in the south of Western Siberia, with the aim of introducing and selecting a new species of clarkia (C. purpurea), its biological characteristics and morphological characteristics were studied. Based on the data obtained and the use of other species and varieties of the genus Clarkia Pursh. For the first time, a methodology for conducting tests for distinctiveness, uniformity and stability (DUS) for this crop was developed. This technique is applicable to all varieties of the genus Clarkia Pursh, classified into sections: Godetia (C. purpurea (Curtis) A. Nelson & J. F. Macbr.), Phaeostoma (C. unguiculata Lindl.), Rhodanthos (C. amoena (Lehm.) A . Nelson & J. F. Macbr., Clarkia amoena ssp. lindleyi (Douglas) H. F. Lewis & M. Е. Lewis), fireweed family (Onagraceae Juss.). Many species of clarkia are characterized by long-lasting flowering and are promising for floral decoration of urban spaces, as well as for cutting. Most varieties are from very low – up to 25 cm tall, to very high – 96 cm or more; leaves are simple, lanceolate, narrow-lanceolate, wide-lanceolate, ovate, smooth, pubescent. The flowers are very decorative, varying in size from 2.0 to 8.0 cm tall, simple, semidouble, terry and strongly terry with or without fragrance, with a large variability of colors and types of floral pigmentation. Based on the study of the bioecological and morphological properties of the crop under study and in accordance with the rules approved by the Federal State Budgetary Institution “State Varietal Commission”, 36 characteristics were selected by which it is possible to test clarkey varieties. As a result of breeding work, a new variety of C. purpurea, Lilac Fairy, was created. When analyzing crossing, it was established that the lilac (violet) color of flowers is dominant in relation to pale pink (almost white), and when crossing F₁ hybrids with light purple color, splitting 15:1 (15 violet from dark purple to pale purple was obtained and 1 is pale pink), which confirms the hypothesis about the polygenic nature of the inheritance of the main color of flowers in C. purpurea. The national methodology RTG/1157/1, created for the first time, for testing the DUS of Clarkia Pursh varieties will serve as a scientific basis for practical breeding.

One of the main tasks of modern organic crop production is the search for effective environmentally friendly fertilizers. A promising approach to this problem could be the study insect frass, a product of organic processing by insects. Insect frass is obtained as secondary products from the cultivation of such economic insects as, for example, housefly (Musca domestica) and black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). Insect frass has a high concentration of nitrogen, which was processed within the digestive tract of insects, which makes it more accessible to plants and contributes to their active distribution and development. It also has insecticidal and fungicidal properties due to its own microbiome. Insect frass can also enhance the moisture-holding capacity of the environment and be used as sorbents for petroleum products. The actual study examines the use of insect frass as a stand-alone growing medium or as one component of a finished substrate. A study was carried out and the nitrogen content in ammonium and nitrate forms, total acidity and the phytotoxicity index of insect frass in mixtures with lowland peat were measured. The study showed that insect frass has acceptable acidity for use as a substrate, as well as a high nitrogen content in two forms. At high concentrations, insect frass is a source of phytotoxic properties, therefore, when using it, it is necessary to maintain the ratio with other components of the substrate. Thus, insect frass, with normal application, can become an effective fertilizer for all household producers engaged in organic farming, where the tools for increasing productivity are seriously limited, and all useful elements taken from the soil must be replenished without the use of chemical fertilizers.

Modern climate changes affect all branches of agriculture. Everywhere there is an increase in air temperature, changes in precipitation, an increase in extreme weather events. Since the productive lifespan of a grape plant is 30-40 years, it is necessary to assess climatic changes in order to create a variety adapted to changes. The purpose of the research is to assess changes in extreme heat supply and relative humidity in the main viticultural areas of the Krasnodar region. The average values of extreme heat supply and relative humidity variables of two climatological periods of 1961–1990 and 1991–2020, their changes over time and the course of variable’s anomalies of 1991–2020 compared with the average values of 1961–1990 are calculated. An increase in the absolute maximum air temperature by 0.2–1.6 °C for the period 1991–2020 was noted compared to the previous period, with the exception of Novorossiysk (decrease by 1.4 °C); an increase in the average absolute maximum air temperature by 1.5–2.5 °C, an increase in the number of days with a maximum air temperature above +35 °C by 1.0–2.3 days; a decrease in the average relative humidity of April–October by 0.7–2.7 % and an increase in the number of days with a minimum relative humidity of less than 30 % over the summer by 0.8–5.4 days. The variability of these variables over time for the period 1991–2020 is consistent with the change in the average. An increase in the absolute maximum was established (by 0.65–0.9 °C/10 years), the number of days with a maximum air temperature above +35 °C (by 0.8–1.1 days/10 years), the number of days with a minimum relative humidity of less than 30% over the summer (by 1.2–7.2 days/10 years); decrease in the average relative humidity of April–October (by 0.5–6.5 %/10 years). These changes indicate an increase in climate extremes and the frequency of unfavorable conditions for grapes in the summer, which requires an adjustment of the assortment.

The purpose of the study is to assess the yield of spring barley in the production and state variety testing of the Tyumen region for 2017-2022, its varietal zoning, as well as the yield and adaptability of varieties for 2021-2023 in the conditions of the subtaiga. There was a significant excess of yield in state variety testing compared to production, which averaged 15.0 c/ha in 2017-2022. The originators of most of the varieties approved for use are the Federal Research Centers of the Urals and Western Siberia. The variety Kudesnik (44.8 c/ha) was the best in terms of average yield, and Chelyabinsky 99 (69.2%) – in terms of the realization of its potential. Stress resistance is low in all varieties, which ranged from -31.2 (Orda) to -49.0 (Nord 18/2613). All varieties had significant yield variability, ranging from 42.7% (Orda) to 69.4% (Nord 18/2613). Strong responsiveness to changes in conditions was detected in the varieties KVS Jessy (b_i = 1.10) and Nord 18/2613 (b_i = 1.34), which are classified as intensive. The varieties Acha, Despina, Kudesnik, Divny and Abba, with a regression coefficient equal to or close to one, were characterized as plastic, and the varieties Orda, Chelyabinsky 99 and Abalak were poorly responsive to changes in conditions (b_i < 1). Yield stability is low in all varieties, from St² = 0.52 (Nord 18/2613) to St² = 0.82 (Abalak, Orda). The variety Kudesnik (E_i..=4.8) was characterized the greatest indicator of the genotypic effect, and the variety Abalak (143.5%) – the indicator of the yield and stability of the variety. The varieties Abalak (sum of ranks 32) and Kudesnik (sum of ranks 35) were recognized as the best by the sum of the ranks of the indicators of yield and adaptability of spring barley for 2021-2023 in the subtype of the Tyumen region.

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) refers to valuable spicy-aromatic, essential oil and medicinal crops and is widely used in traditional and folk medicine, perfumery, cosmetology, cooking and food industry. The main directions of selection of hyssop are increasing productivity, obtaining forms adapted to industrial cultivation technology, resistance to pests and diseases, valuable chemical and biochemical composition, different terms of onset of economic suitability, honey productivity, zoning (suitability for cultivation in specific soil and climatic conditions). The article presents the results of studies on the evaluation of the breeding material of hyssop by a complex of economically useful morphological, morphometric and phenological traits, including a new zoned author’s variety of the Belarusian State Agricultural Academy Zaveya. As a result of the research, the methodology for testing the distinctiveness, uniformity and stability of hyssop has been improved, which makes it possible to optimize the breeding process of this crop and conduct an extended assessment of the identification of varieties during state variety testing. The national methodology for testing for distinctiveness, uniformity and stability provides an opportunity for breeders to pay attention to the relevant characteristic and distinctive features of hyssop, which will contribute to the effective conduct of further breeding work to create forms and varieties with various economically valuable properties.

The Amur region is the main producer of soybeans in the Russian Federation, where one of the significant phytosanitary problems of soybean cultivation technologies is leaf and stem infections. The susceptibility of soybeans to diseases varies greatly depending on weather conditions, used agricultural technology and the resistance of cultivated varieties. Since the soybean varieties, cultivated in the region, have significant differences in early maturity, it remains relevant to monitor leaf and stem infections and identify the degree of their development depending on the length of the crop growing season and the year conditions. The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of soybean variety by maturity groups and year conditions on the incidence of leaf-stem infections. Research was carried out in 2022 and 2023 in the Tambov district of the Amur region on 32 soybean varieties of domestic and foreign selection, belonging to 3 ripeness groups: early ripening, mid-ripening and late ripening. A phytopathological examination of soybean crops revealed Septoria blight (Septoria glycines T. Hemmi. Syn.), Cercospora blight (Cercospora sojina Hara), Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta sojaecola Abramoff. Syn.), downy mildew (Peronospora manshurica (Naum.) Syd. Syn.), purple Cercospora blight (Cercospora kikuchii (Matsuet Tomoyasu) Yardn) and angular bacterial spot. According to the indicator of disease incidence on soybean varieties of three ripeness groups, it was revealed that the incidence of downy mildew significantly, at the level of 90 %, depended on the variety ripeness group: mid-, and especially late-ripening varieties, were affected by the disease in both years an order of magnitude more strongly than early-ripening varieties. No significant influence of soybean varieties maturity groups on other infections was detected after the use of the fungicide, while analysis of variance according to the two-factor experiment scheme showed a significant influence of year weather conditions on the diseases incidence: Cercospora blight – at the level of 75.7 %, Cercospora purple blight – 77.1 %, Ascochyta blight – 98.5%. Both the ripeness group of soybean varieties and the year conditions influenced the bacteriosis incidence: the disease was more pronounced on early-ripening varieties, which were more populated by mites, the vectors of the disease pathogen, and was noted only in 2023. Analysis of variance according to the two-factor experiment scheme did not reveal a significant influence of varieties and year conditions on the incidence of Septoria blight, which indicates significant adaptations of the pathogen to weather factors and the physiology of plants from different ripeness groups, as well as the stable effectiveness of fungicidal treatment of soybean crops against Septoria blight.

The increasing harmfulness of phytophages damaging agricultural and ornamental crops is associated with various factors, in particular with the expansion of the range of pest species and the development of resistance to the chemical plant protection products used. The search and regular replenishment of the assortment of entomocarifages is becoming important in the biological protection of plants for obtaining organic crop products. An alternative to using chemical pesticides is to use natural enemies. One of the promising and numerous suborders is the hemiptera or bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). The paper provides an ecological and faunal description of zoophages and zoophytophages of the order Hemiptera found in the regions of the Novosibirsk region (Moshkovsky, Bolotninsky, Chulymsky districts), Altai Territory (Troitsky district) and the Altai Republic (Ust-Koksinsky district) during the growing season of 2023. Seven species belonging to three families of the bedbug suborder were collected: Nabidae (Nabis ferus, Nabis limbatus), Anthocoridae (Orius niger), Pentatomidae (Arma custos, Zicrona caerulea, Picromerus bidens, Pentatoma rufipes). The insects were kept alive for transportation to the laboratory and study of their biological characteristics. Three species were introduced into laboratory culture. The selection of conditions for keeping predatory insectoids continues to obtain a stable laboratory population and further use in crop production. As a result of the surveys of natural and agrobiocenoses, predation by Arma custos and Pentatoma rufipes on the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle was revealed.

The research was carried out in 2020–2023. at the Federal State Budgetary Institution FANTS of the North-East. The purpose of the research is to study the biological effectiveness of new agrochemicals with phytoregulatory, adaptive and immunomodulatory properties when cultivating spring barley under conditions of instability of climatic factors during the plant growing season. The FANC North-East selection varieties Novichok, Pamyati Rodinoy, Rodnik Prikamye were treated during the tillering phase of the plants with the organomineral fertilizer Amino Start (1 l/ha) and the urea-ammonium fertilizer KAS-28, (1 l/ha) at heading - with the growth regulator Alfastim ( 0.05 l/ha). Net and dark brown spotting and root rot were recorded using well-known meth ods. The experimental data were compared with the control (without treatment). The variety Pamyati Rodinoy is the most responsive to chemicalization; the least responsive is Rodnik Prikamye. The growth regulator Alfastim is quite effective in protecting against net spot in these varieties (disease development on average 11.8±3.61 % and 16.6±2.35 %; on control – 13.8±5.34 % and 20. 3±3.91 %), in the Novichok variety – Amino Start (6.8±2.68 %; on the control – 8.8±2.39 %). The drug Alfastim also has a more prolonged protective effect against all helminthosporium diseases, as evidenced by the lower PCRP value than in the control: by 5-96 for the Pamyati Rodinoy variety, by 30-120 for Rodnik Prikamye, by 32-118 for the variety Pamyati Rodinoy. Newbie. It is possible to highlight the inhibitory effect of the drugs CAS 28 and Amino Start in the Novichok variety (disease development 11.8±3.85 % and 11.5±2.16 %; on the control - 15.7±3.79 %) and CAS-28 in the Rodnik Prikamya variety (disease development 12.7±1.65 %; on control – 14.5±2.89 %). It was found that the greatest contribution to the development of leaf spots (40.0 and 48.5 %) is made by the combined effect of the “variety-year-preparation” factors; root rot – variety-drug interaction (23.7 %). The contribution of the genotype to the development of helminthosporium diseases of barley ranged from 19.0 to 22.0 %.

The article studies the influence of homogeneous and heterogeneous selection on the milk productivity of first-calf cows (milk yield, fat and protein content in milk). The object of research is cattle of the Kostroma breed. The research methods were zootechnical, population-genetic and analytical using computer programs IAS “SELEX” Multifarm and BON-MilkRegion. The modern cattle breeding base in the Kostroma region is represented by three breeding plants and two breeding reproducers. In 2022, the Karavaevo Breeding Farm JSC received 9,297 kg of milk per cow, the Minskoe LLC pedigree reproducer received 7,371 kg of milk, and the Rodina collective farm, Gridino and Agrofirma Planet LLC received more 6000 kg of milk. Record milk yields reach 15,000 kg of milk or more in 305 days of lactation. The following lines have been identified as promising in the Kostroma breed: lines Ladka 2537 and Kursa 3722, related groups Master 106902, Meridian 90927 and Concentrate 106157. To improve the productive qualities of dairy cattle, it is necessary to use both intraline selection and cross-lines, taking into account their compatibility. In breeding farms, using homogeneous selection, high productivity indicators were obtained: in terms of milk yield - from first-calf heifers of the related groups Laird, Concentrate and Meridian, in terms of fat and protein content in milk - Laird and Ladka. With heterogeneous selection, the best combinations were identified across farms.

The high physical and functional load of service dogs causes changes not only in body systems, but also in metabolism as a whole. An integrated approach to the study of this problem and the search for a pharmacotherapeutic solution will allow us to correct biochemical changes in the body of dogs and improve the performance and quality of life of animals. The purpose of the study was to study the therapeutic effectiveness of a complex of metabolic stimulants for the correction of mineral metabolism. For the study, 16 service dogs were selected in the area of application of the general search profile, belonging to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Altai Territory. Blood was drawn at the beginning and end of the study to analyze red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, iron, magnesium, zinc, calcium, phosphorus, and chloride. According to the results of the study, it was established that a violation of homeostasis in service dogs was accompanied by changes in some indicators of red blood, as well as pathology of mineral metabolism. After a course of pharmacotherapy, an increase in red blood cells (up to 7.9±0.22*×1012 cells/l) and hemoglobin (up to 141.66±7.32 g/l) was observed in dogs. Carbohydrate metabolism in both groups was characterized by hypoglycemia (3.34±0.21–3.43±0.28 mmol/l). By the end of the study, the glucose level in the experimental group significantly increased by 31.4% relative to the animals in the control group. By the end of the study, cholesterol levels in dogs in the experimental group decreased more rapidly compared to the control group. The study of the dynamics of mineral metabolism indicators revealed a significant increase in iron levels in the experimental group of animals (up to 25.3±1.9 µmol/l), which was 22.8% higher than the control value. Changes in other indicators of mineral metabolism did not differ significantly between the groups, although dogs receiving stimulating therapy showed positive dynamics of changes in mineral metabolism indicators. The use of a complex of metabolic stimulants “Suiferrovita”, “Strolitin”, “Amber Acid” stabilized red blood counts and contributed to the development of a tendency towards the restoration of mineral metabolism.

Feed analysis was carried out in a chemical laboratory using the equipment of the Center for Agricultural Research and Biotechnology at the Voluntary Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The testing procedure for most agricultural feeds is established by GOST 50817-95. To determine the crude protein content using the Kjeldahl method using a semi-automatic analyzer UDK 159 (VELP, Italy), GOST 13496.4-2019 was used, GOST 31675-2012 was used to determine the crude fiber content using an automatic analyzer FIBE-6, GOST 13496.15-2016 was used to determine crude fat content using the Soxhlet apparatus., GOST 32933-2014 is used to determine the crude ash content. An evaluation test of herbaceous unnaturally dried feed according to the quality class was carried out in the following sequence: when more characteristics were agreed upon for any one class, vitamin-grass meal (VHM) was assessed according to this class. When studying the energy nutritional value, the amount of dry matter in granulated vitamin-herbal flour was established within the range of 867.00–917.69 g, metabolic energy – 9.25–10.57 MJ/kg, digestible protein – 69.9–119.6 g/kg and feed units – 0.71–0.85 kg. Thus, checking the usefulness of the samples that were selected and sent to us showed that feed from alfalfa and clover helps to obtain high-quality nutritious feed that is easily absorbed by the body and corresponds to class II–III indicators. The quality of prepared flour from vetch-oat grass and a mixture of herbs leaves much to be desired. As a result of studying the quality of these artificially dried grass feeds, we can conclude that their nutritional value is not high enough, as a result of the low content of the main characteristics: such as metabolic energy (9.25–9.39 MJ/kg) and protein (11.69–12.83 %), which is necessary take into account when organizing proper feeding of cattle. The quality of feed is a fundamental condition on which productivity depends.

The purpose of the presented research was to study the influence of the type of higher nervous activity (HNA) on the secretion of organic components of milk in various milking conditions. The studies were carried out in 2 periods. The first period was standard, and in the second there was a conditioned stimulus - the presence of an outsider. Black-and-white cows were assigned to four types of higher nervous activity: type 1 - strong, balanced; type 2 - strong, unbalanced; 3 - strong, inert; 4 - weak, inhibitory. In the first period, type 2 cows showed a significant decrease in the amount of milk, fat and glucose, but the mass fraction of protein in milk tended to increase separately for each milking by 0.22 %. The ratio of the mass fraction of protein to the percentage of lactose for two milkings was significantly higher by 0.06, in relation to type 1. In type 3, in general, for two milkings, an increase in lactose by 13.3 g, fat - by 7.0 g was noted, in contrast to the indicators of the first type. Animals of the fourth type tended to reduce milk secretion to 18.3 %. Also, the mass fraction of fat in milk was lower to 0.53 % (P < 0.05) and protein to 0.28 %, and the proportion of lactose in milk, on the contrary, was consistently higher in both milkings by 0.25-0,26 % (P < 0.05). In the second period (with a conditioned stimulus), cows of the second group showed a positive trend towards an increase in the mass fraction of protein in the morning with machine milking by 0.26 % (P < 0.05), and with manual milking by 0.32 % (P < 0.05), in relation to the first group. The mass fraction of fat during machine and manual milking in animals of the second type tended to decrease. In the third group, the indicators of milk of the first streams in the morning were higher by 0.99 % (P < 0.05) - fat, by 0.33 % - protein, by 0.09 % - lactose, in relation to the first type of higher nervous activity. In cows with a weak, inhibitory nervous system, the influence of the conditioned stimulus contributed to a decrease in the ratios of the mass fraction of fat and protein in milk to lactose to 0.14 and 0.09, compared with type 1 cows.

Studies of the state of the dairy cattle breeding industry for the last 5 years in the Saratov region in the context of the average indicators for the same breeds in the Russian Federation and the Volga Federal District showed that the Holstein breed of black-mottled breed surpasses the black-mottled, Simmental, red-mottled, Kostroma breeds. In the Saratov region for the analyzed period there is not a good situation on the black-mottled breed, which stopped breeding in 2021, but the positive dynamics was that in 2021 brought and began to breed the Kostroma breed. In terms of milk production in the Saratov region the black-mottled Holstein breed stands out, its milk yield is 11308.6 kg, black-mottled -7461.3 kg, red-mottled - 6918.8 kg, which exceeds the average figures for the Russian Federation by 2012.4, 163.1, 40.2 kg and the Volga Federal District by 2108.2, 504.3 kg, respectively, but the animals of red-mottled breed are inferior to the Volga Federal District by 877.8 kg. Simmental, red-spotted breeds have high average indicators of fat in comparison with RF and PFD by 0,05;0,14 and 0,11; 0,19 kg and protein by 0,03;0,01 and 0,04; 0,02 %, respectively. Evaluating the live weight indicators of cattle bred in the conditions of Saratov region such breeds as: black-and-breed, Simmental, red-and-breed, Holstein black-andbreed, Kostroma breeds, the maximum live weight in animals of black-and-breed - 565.6 kg and the minimum 450.0 kg - in kostroma breeds. Simmental and black-and-brown breeds surpass with a good enough gap the average indicators of the Russian Federation and the Volga Federal District in terms of live weight by 7.2; 12.2 and 4.4; 20 kg. The number of red-breed, Kostroma, Holstein black-breed animals is inferior to the average data on live weight in the Russian Federation and the Volga Federal District.

Microelements are an integral part of the mammalian body, and their content in organs and tissues is associated with other components of a complex biological system. Based on this, it is feasible to evaluate the concentration of specific chemical elements within the structures of the body in non-invasive or minimally invasive methods. The meat and by-products of farm animals serve as a readily assimilateable source of iron, which is one of the reasons for potentially defining the quality of agricultural products in conditions of widespread iron deficiency. Landrace pigs were raised in standard conditions at an industrial complex located in the Altai Territory in order to fatten up to a live weight of 100 kg. Venous blood was collected using the acute method from the jugular vein in accordance with the principles of asepsis and pre-analytical guidelines. The hematologic and biochemical examination of the blood and serum of animals was performed by apparatus. After slaughter, liver samples were collected, and the method of atomic emission spectral analysis using inductively coupled plasma on iCAP-PRO equipment (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to estimate the iron level in them. To manipulate the data, Microsoft Office Excel software and RStudio data analysis environment version 2023.03.1 (RStudio, PBC) were employed. For regression analysis, the least squares approach was used. The model was fitted using a stepwise selection of predictors in both directions using the Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, and adjusted coefficient of determination. The linear regression assumptions were evaluated. The final regression model used for determining iron levels in pig liver contains mean hemoglobin content in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and serum inorganic phosphorus as predictors. There is no evidence that there is multicollinearity between the predictors of the final model. The proposed model satisfies the requirements for a normal distribution of residuals, the absence of their correlation, and influential observations. The proposed multiple regression model has the capability to estimate iron levels in pig liver in vivo for various purposes.

The FecG gene, also known as GDF-9 (growth factor differentiation factor 9), plays an important role in regulating reproductive function in mammals. This paper presents the results of a study of a point mutation in the differential growth factor gene in Romanov breed sheep. Mutations in exon 1 of the GDF-9 gene can lead to disturbances in ovarian development and ovulation, resulting in infertility or reduced reproductive capacity in animals. The object of the study was Romanov breed sheep in a sample of 30 individuals. For DNA extraction, venous blood samples were taken from the jugular vein. In Romanov breed sheep for the GDF-9 gene, it was found that at the G1 locus of this gene there are two alleles – G and A. Three genotypes were also identified: GG (254 bp/117 bp), AG (410bp/254/117 bp) and AA (410 bp/410 bp). The observed χ² criterion was less than expected, therefore, the empirical and theoretical frequencies do not differ significantly, and deviations from the distribution according to the Hardy-Weinberg law are not observed. The observed heterozygosity index (H_o) was 0.27. Allele frequencies were 0,8 for G and 0,2 for A. For genotypes the following were obtained: GG – 0,66, GA – 0,27 and AA – 0,07.It can be noted that the data on the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in the population of Romanov breed sheep differ from the results for the Kulunda fine-wool, Dagestan mountain, Salsk, Lacaune and Merino breeds. The research results can be used to monitor changes in allele frequencies and genotypes in sheep during the selection process.

Many domestic and foreign researchers have drawn attention to humic and fulvic acids, which are successfully used in animal husbandry, poultry farming and aquaculture. In search of new ways to increase livestock productivity, as well as the quality of livestock products, the number of scientific studies on the use of humic substances of various origins in animal husbandry has increased significantly, which emphasizes the role of feed additives obtained from local resources. In the article the effectiveness of the use of fulvic acid in the diets of young cattle is presented. Experimental studies were conducted in the Ilyich Agricultural Cooperative of the Starorussky district of the Novgorod region on heifers of the Holstein breed of Dutch breeding older than a year (repair heifers of reproductive age). The animals of the control group consumed a nutritionally balanced basic diet (HR), the first experimental group – HR + fulvic acid (10 ml/head / day), the second experimental group - HR + fulvic acid (15 ml/head /day), 10 heads in each group. As a result of the conducted studies, the positive effect of the use of fulvic acid in the diets of young animals was determined, its effect on the digestibility of nutrients in diets, biochemical parameters of blood, reproductive function was studied, the optimal dose of fulvic acid feeding in this age period was determined. The use of fulvic acid in the diet of young animals allowed to increase the absorption of nutrients from the diet, improve blood biochemical parameters, and improve the reproductive qualities of heifers by 15.5–20.2 %. The results obtained allow us to recommend fulvic acid for use in the diets of repair heifers of reproductive age on farms in the Northwestern region in the amount of 10 ml per head per day.

Drugs based on medicinal plants have such advantages over synthetic analogues as low toxicity, better tolerability and reduced risk of addiction. Antioxidant agents in medicinal plants include substances from the flavonoid group, due to their ability to inactivate free radical processes, due to the mechanism of electron transfer between reaction components to neutralize free radicals. Among the medicinal plants of Western Siberia and the Altai Territory, oregano and marsh cinquefoil have a high content of flavonoids. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of alcohol-free extracts of oregano and marsh cinquefoil growing in the Altai region in connection with the content of flavonoids (flavonols and proanthocyanidins). To conduct the study, alcohol-free extracts of the studied plants were prepared using patented technology. The content of flavonols and proanthocyanidins was studied by arbitration techniques using spectrophotometry. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured using cathodic voltammetry method. The results showed that the average flavonol content in oregano extract was 866.5 μg/ml, while only traces were found in the extract of cinquefoil (60.0 μg/ ml). The average content of proanthocyanidins in the extract of cinquefoil was 4.05%, in the extract of oregano content of proanthocyanidins was 0.43%. The average coefficient of antioxidant activity for cinquefoil extract was 11.63 mmol/l×min and 3.81 mmol/l×min for oregano extract. From the results obtained, we can conclude that it is advisable to use extracts of marsh cinquefoil and oregano, growing in the Altai Territory, in the composition of biologically active antioxidant additives.

Among the diseases of young cattle, the most common are lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. Most often they are manifested by diarrhea, which leads to dehydration of the body and severe metabolic disorders. Often sick calves lose a lot of weight, and then lag behind in growth compared to healthy animals, cases of death are not uncommon. With such diseases, the microflora inhabiting the digestive tract is subject to great changes. At the same time, it is populated by pathogenic species whose vital activity complicates the course of the disease. We have studied the therapeutic effect of the use of phytometabiotic drug “Phytolizat Gastro” in gastrointestinal diseases in calves. For the study, experimental and control groups of black-and-white calves aged 10-14 days were formed by the method of analogues. All the calves studied had a clinical sign of gastrointestinal tract damage - diarrhea. According to the results of the study, the effect of the drug on the body was established. Blood counts vary in intervals close to the average values of norms. According to the results of the study, the recovery of calves of the experimental group in a shorter time, greater preservation of body weight during recovery and further increase in calves of the experimental group (by 85 g) compared to calves of the control group was established. Microbiota studies have shown that the amount of Lactobacillus spp. the calves of the experimental group decreased by 8.5% less compared to the control group, and the amount of Bifidobacterium spp. the calves of the experimental group increased by 48%. At the same time, the total number of lacto- and bifidobacteria prevails in calves of the experimental group, which indicates a positive effect of the studied drug on the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract of calves.

Molecular-genetic methods are essential tools for the utilization and conservation of animal genetic resources. These methods facilitate more efficient management and control of breeding programs within livestock production systems. For studying the genetic diversity of a population, the use of STR markers is relevant due to the high variability of repeats. This study presents a genetic characterization of a Holstein and Black Pied cattle population (n = 10233) in Western Siberia using 12 microsatellite loci (BM1818, BM1824, BM2113, ETH10, ETH225, ETH3, INRA023, SPS115, TGLA126, TGLA122, TGLA227, TGLA53). A total of 145 alleles were identified across all loci, with frequencies ranging from 0.00005 to 0.68961. The highest level of genetic diversity was observed at the TGLA122 locus (25 alleles) with an average number of effective alleles (Ne) of 4.5. The least polymorphic locus was BM1824 (7 alleles) with an average Ne of 3.27. The average observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity across all loci was 0.6. The highest variability was observed at the TGLA53 locus, with a Wright’s fixation index (Fis) of 0.161, indicating a heterozygote deficiency. A similar deficiency was observed at the BM1818 locus. All other loci exhibited a positive Fis, with the highest value observed at the ETH3 locus (-0.074), indicating an excess of heterozygotes. The average Fis across all loci was -0.02, suggesting a sufficient level of heterozygosity within the studied population. These findings provide valuable information for population studies and practical breeding programs aiming to manage genetic diversity and improve selection efficiency in this cattle population.

Russia ranks fifth in the world in poultry meat production. In the period from 2010 to 2021, the volume of production of this type of product increased by 1.77 times, which in physical terms is 2,190 thousand tons. The largest volume of poultry meat production, 89.7%, falls on the meat of broiler chickens. This indicator is justified by consumer preferences of the retail market, a low feed conversion rate, a high level of automation of production processes, as well as the possibility of up to 8 production cycles per year. The main share, amounting to 93%, of broiler chicken meat production is accounted for by large agricultural enterprises. Households of the population and peasant farms account for 7% of production. This result is observed due to the lack of technical and technological solutions for small-scale production, providing for the use of automation of production processes, which leads to a decrease in productivity and an increase in poultry mortality. The combination of these factors increases the cost of finished products, making small-scale production uncompetitive. To solve this problem, a project has been developed and a prototype of a technological module for fattening broiler chickens has been manufactured. The production capacity of the module is 2,800 broiler chickens per year. The module uses a cellular method of keeping poultry on a mesh flooring. As a result of the conducted studies, the feed conversion rate was 1.66, the cost of water was 3.4 liters, electricity was 3.22 kWh and labor was 0.051 people per kilogram of live weight. The obtained indicators are comparable with those of large poultry farms, which allows us to conclude that it is advisable to use technological modules at small poultry enterprises.

The urinary system of aquatic mammals plays an important role in maintaining the body’s homeostasis. Features in the structure and topography of the urinary organs are associated with the habitat and adaptation of the organism of aquatic animals to it. Interest in studying the features of the topography of organs and the structure of the organism as a whole, as well as the organs of urine formation and excretion in particular, is presented by the Baikal seal, given its freshwater lifestyle. The goal was to describe the species-specific features of the topography of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra in male and female Baikal seals. The object of the study was both live individuals and carcasses of the Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica) aged from 1.5 to 3 years. The animals were examined at the Baikal Seal Aquarium LLC and the Irkutsk City Animal Disease Control Station. The cadaver material was collected under the program of the Russian Federal Agency for Fisheries, as well as research and development, experimental design and technological developments (R&D and R&D) from 2014, 2017, 2020. The study material was the organs of the urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra. The studies were carried out using various anatomical methods: autopsy of cadaver material with examination and fixation of syntopy, skeletotopy, holotopy and anatomical dissection, ultrasound diagnostics and multispiral computed tomography.

A research analysis of nitrogen metabolism in black-and-white cattle was carried out in the conditions of the Kuzbass region. Healthy animals at the age of 2nd lactation with a productivity level from 7300 to 10500 kg were selected for the experimental group. Laboratory studies were carried out at the Department of Veterinary Genetics and Biotechnology of the Novosibirsk State Agrarian University. Indicators of nitrogen metabolism in blood serum were assessed photometrically on a biochemical semi-automatic analyzer Photometer 5010 V5+. Reagent kits from Vector-Best and Olvex-Diagnosticum were used. When biometric data processing, standard descriptive statistics techniques and robust indicators were used. The Anderson-Darling test was used to assess the normality of data distribution. .When calculating correlation relationships, the Pearson coefficient was used. Calculations were performed in the “RStudio” programming environment. The obtained average values of nitrogen metabolism indicators were within the physiological norm. The strongest positive associations were observed between urea levels and uric acid, and urea and creatinine. No connection was found between other indicators of nitrogen metabolism. There were no differences in milk yield between cows with high and low levels of nitrogen metabolism. Graphs of the range of nitrogen content in black-and-white cows during lactation are presented. Calculations of reference indicators based on data from Kuzbass dairy cattle make it possible to more accurately assess the clinical condition of animals and timely detect deviations from established standard values. It is also necessary to take into account reference limits when monitoring the quality and completeness of cattle.

The aim of the study is to explore the ways of implementing digital technologies and modern technical solutions to ensure the population health of animals in the context of contemporary dairy farming. The paper discusses modern digital technical tools and automated processes in dairy farming facilitated by these tools. In the course of the study, the main tasks for successful digital transformation and ensuring the population health of animals in dairy farming were identified: searching for biomarkers of pathological and physiological states of animals, developing methods for determining found biomarkers, developing technical solutions for parameter registration and their implementation into production. At the moment, automatic systems for diagnosing the state of the animal’s body have been implemented using sound sensors, devices for determining the activity of the animal and the position of the body in space. Sensors for determining the electrical conductivity of milk make it possible to determine mastitis at the initial stage of the pathological process. Sensors for determining the concentration of hormones in milk make it possible to determine the period of the sexual cycle. ICS cameras allow you to determine areas of inflammation on the animal’s body. A modern 3-D camera system, combined with software, allows automatic measurement of animal body parameters on a daily basis. Thus, the implemented automated systems make it possible to reduce the time of human contact with an animal, which has a positive effect on the health of the animal. On the other hand, constant monitoring of important indicators of animal health allows timely detection of the onset of the disease. All of the above helps ensure population health on dairy farms.

The article presents the results of polymorphism of the GDF5 and CAPN1 genes in cattle of the Kalmyk breed, owned by the agricultural production company “Plodovitoe” of the Maloderbetovsky district of the Republic of Kalmykia, in the amount of 60 heads. DNA samples were isolated from whole blood taken from the jugular vein by an automatic extraction method. A real-time polymerase chain reaction was carried out to determine the polymorphism T586C of the GDF5 gene and C316G of the CAPN1 gene. In the studied herd of cattle, animals with the TT genotype predominate - 68.3 % of the population, the number of animals with the TC and CC genotypes is 21.7 % and 10 %. When studying the polymorphism of the CAPN1 gene, it was revealed that 23.3 % of the bulls of the studied population of Kalmyk cattle have the desired genotype CC, while the heterozygous genotype is present in 16.7 %, and the recessive genotype GG is present in 60 % of animals. The frequency of occurrence of the T allele of the GDF5 gene is 0.792, which exceeds the indicator of the C allele (0.208) by 58.2 %, the observed frequency of TT and CC genotypes exceeds the expected indicator by 5.6 and 5.7 %, respectively, while the indicator of the TC genotype is lower than the expected frequency by 11.2 %. The frequency of occurrence of the G allele (0.683) is 36.6 % higher than that of the C allele (0.317) of the CAPN1 gene. It is noted that the GG genotype with an index of 0.600 occurs with the highest frequency, while the CG genotype has a frequency of 0.167 (43.3 % less), the CC genotype – 0.233 (36.7 % less). The indicators of the observed frequency of the CC and GG genotypes are 13.3% higher than expected, the heterozygous genotype has an excess of the expected frequency by 26.6 %. Bulls with the TT genotype of the GDF5 gene outperformed their peers with the TC and CC genotypes in all measurements. When studying the live weight of Kalmyk cattle at the age of 15 months, a positive effect of the CC genotype of the CAPN1 gene was revealed. Thus, the group of animals with this genotype had the largest live weight and surpassed their peers with the genotypes CG (by 9.9 %) and GG (by 11.1 %).

The purpose of the work was to establish the features of meat productivity of Simmental breed bulls depending on the rearing technology: 1 - traditional technology used on farms (indoors); 2 - using feeding and final fattening. The rearing technology had a significant impact on the live weight of bull calves and the amount of gain at different age periods. The difference in live weight between groups I and II was: at 6 months – 11.2 kg (P > 0.99); at 14 months – 20.3 kg (P > 0.999); at 18 months – 43.9 kg (P > 0.999) in favor of bulls of the second experimental group. On average, by the age of one and a half years, bulls of group II were 43.9 kg heavier than their peers of group I. At 18 months of age, the digestibility coefficients in both groups were high, but in young animals of group II, the coefficients of fiber digestibility were 18.2 % and fat 17.9 % higher than in group I bulls. The best slaughter qualities were in bulls reared using fattening and final fattening. The bulls of group II compared to group I had heavier carcasses: at the age of 6 months by 7.4 kg, at 14 months by 14.5 kg, and at 18 months by 37.0 kg. The deposition of internal fat was relatively small and somewhat greater in bulls of group II. At the age of 14 months, the carcass weight of group II bulls was greater than group I by 6.74 %, and the pulp by 1.34 %. This difference persisted at 18 months. The type of feeding had a significant impact on bone strength. The load that caused bone fractures in volume-fed bulls averaged 1,477 kg, and with concentrated feeding, an average of 1,209 kg, or 18 % less.