The authors cited the results of studying the seed productivity of rape hybrids of German selection in the soil and climatic conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe. The studies were conducted at the experimental plot of the Borsky educational and experimental-production complex of the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University (in 2018-2019). The weather conditions of the observation period differed from multi-year data. In 2018, acutely dry conditions were recorded against elevated temperatures from May to August. In 2019, the authors observed a highly uneven rainfall distribution during the growing season. Lack of moisture was noted in May and July 2019; temperatures exceeded the climatic norm all season. A comparative evaluation of the following F1 rapeseed hybrids is presented: Salsa KL, Cultus KL, Currie KL and Lumen. The results of the two-year research showed that the best preservation of plants for harvesting was observed for hybrid Lumen 93.2%, the lowest indicator for F1 Salsa KL was 78.1% of plants preserved. The ability to produce fruit is higher in the Salsa CL hybrid, with an average of 202 pods per plant over two years of observation. The other hybrids had fewer generative pods, ranging from 139 pods in the Currie KL hybrid to 149 in the Lumen hybrid. The highest fruit number was observed for the Currie CL hybrid (31-32 seeds per pod) in each year of the study (the threshold value for spring rapeseed is 40 seeds). Less than in other hybrids, the Lumen hybrid had 22-24 origins in a pod. The authors revealed that the number of seeds in the pod is influenced more by the combination’s genotype than by the pollination period’s weather conditions. The weight of 1000 seeds in spring rape, depending on the hybrid’s biological characteristics and the growing season’s weather conditions, can be 3-5 grams. The complete grains were formed in hybrid Lumen on average for two years of observation weight of 1000 grains was 3.9 g, the smallest seeds in hybrid Kultus KL 3.2 g. All the studied hybrids of spring rape are highly productive. F1 Currie KL was the most effective in oilseed yield, averaging 7.22 t/ha over the study period.

The authors conducted comprehensive research on evaluating heterosis hybrids of foreign selection of cabbage in the forest-steppe conditions of the Priob’ye region. We studied economically valuable features of promising mid-late cabbage hybrids and features of their cultivation on darkgrey forest soil. The research was conducted for two years. As a result of research, hybrids with maximum yield, resistance to mucus bacteriosis, and resistance to root cracking were identified. These hybrids give a high work of standard products, retain marketable qualities throughout the storage period, and contribute to a stable income due to the long sale period of commercial products. The reference hybrid Kohl’s F₁ is the highest yielding hybrid. The Arrivist F₁ hybrid is closer to the Kohl’s F₁ hybrid, with a yield lower by 4.4 t/ha. The other hybrids showed profits 1.1 (Galvatron F₁) and 1.35 (Ferro F1) times lower than the Kola F₁. The standard output was between 84% and 94%. The Arriwist F₁ and Ferro F₁ hybrids showed the best persistence. Due to the sound industry, the shelflife of these hybrids is five points. Thus, the authors distinguished the hybrids Arrivist F₁ and Kohl’s F₁ in commercial value and marketability. All the experimental hybrids were also distinguished for their cabbage. The hybrids Arriviste F₁ and Ferro F₁ showed high resistance to disease during cultivation and storage. All experimental hybrids are recommended for cultivation on vegetable farms and private households. The Ferro hybrid is the best marketability, palatability and storage period (until February). Arriviste F₁ is the best hybrid in terms of resistance to bacteriosis. The authors recommend growing and storing all the experimental hybrids to create a conveyor belt for cabbage sales during the winter-spring period.

The common spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch is a dangerous pest. This pest occurs more frequently on cucumber crops than other pests and damages more than 200 other plant species, including aubergine, pepper, tomato, lemon, chrysanthemum, rose and carnation. The specific conditions of the protected environment allow greater use of biological agents for pest control. The modern concept of natural plant protection involves a combination of several birth control agents used to suppress pest populations. In this study, the authors studied the effect of biological preparations on the survival of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) under laboratory conditions. A laboratory evaluation was made of the effect of the biological preparations Bitoxybacillin, 1% and Fytoverm, 0.2%. These preparations significantly reduce acariphage numbers when released immediately after treatment. The predatory mite showed higher sensitivity in the variant with Fitoverm, 0.2%. Acariphage numbers decreased, but not significantly when plants were treated with Biovert (1%) and the fungus strain Metarhizium robertsii. Thus, plant treatment and acariphage release should be carefully regulated when phytoseiulus is released because of the adverse effects of bio preparations. The results confirm the potential use of biological practices combined with the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis against the common spider mite Tetranychus urticae.

This work aims to analyze heavy metals (HM) in soils and plants of the Balashikha, Moscow region. The authors studied HM content in soil and plant organs of Caragana arborescens and Taraxacum officinale depending on the distance of a motorway. The article shows the relationship between the concentration of HM in the soil and its content in plants. The authors also revealed the peculiarities of accumulation of some heavy metals - cadmium, lead, zinc and copper - in vegetative and generative organs of the studied plants. The authors noted the highest concentration of all heavy metals in dandelion growing near a motorway. According to the share in the total content of the determining elements, the metals can be arranged in the following order: Zn> Pb> Cu> Cd. The authors also observe a different pattern: Zn> Cu> Pb> Cd in soils with less pollution, i.e. in plants located at a 3000 m from the motorway. It has been observed that with a length of 3000 m from the highway compared to the 5 m zone of the road. There is a 1.13 times reduction in lead, 1.74 times reduction in cadmium, 1.89 times reduction in zinc and 1.66 times reduction in copper content in the soil and plants. The analysis shows that the studied plants can be used as bio-indicators of pollution of the biota of large cities. The most hazardous elements are cadmium and lead, which belong to the first hazard class, found in the atmosphere and ecosystems of cities, which is connected with intensive vehicular traffic. On working days, the traffic intensity in the morning hours (08.00-09.00) was 2500 cars and in the evening hours (18.00-19.00) 3000 cars (federal road M7 “Volga”).

The main focus of the work on breeding hybrids is the evaluation and selection of breeding material for the desired traits under the conditions of the specific cultivation zone. Obtaining new promising potato varieties is an important task that breeders face. Currently, import substitution is the main tool in solving the problem of food security in the country. Agricultural scientists understand import substitution as increasing the output of domestic products while reducing the import of imported goods, especially in times of economic crisis. Import substitution aims to increase national goods’ competitiveness and export potential in the world food market. The purpose of this study is to study and select the most promising and adapted to the conditions of the Orenburg region potato hybrids from the breeding material of FSBSI (Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution) “South Ural Research Institute (Research Institute) of Horticulture and Potato Production”. The research was conducted by the Methodology of Potato Crop Research (1967), International Classifier of CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) (1984), Methodological Recommendations on the Methodology of Breeding Processes for Potato Crop (1980). The authors studied the potential of yield formation and infestation by the main common pathogens in potato breeding hybrids were carried out on the irrigated plot of K(F)X (peasant farm) “Khomutsky V.I.”. Perevolotsk district of Orenburg region in the period from 2019 to 2021. For the experimental plot, the soil cover was southern medium-humus medium-poddy chernozem. Of the 19 hybrids studied, only 21 % produced yields higher than those of the standard variety in the 3-year trials. The remaining hybrids, 79 %, show much lower yields. During the same period, 26 % of the hybrids studied were affected by common pathogens. The maximum damage of potato tubers by table rot was found in breeding hybrids 13.20.101 (5.1 %), 13.10.11 (4.5 %) and M 14.16.25 (3.3 %), common scab - 13.32.1 (26.5 %), M 14.18.99 (18.3 %) and 13.20.9 (17 %). As a result, the authors identified promising potato breeding material for further work. This hybrid is Olninsk13.30.2 (38.1 t/ha), 10.76.1 (60.9 t/ha), M 14.07.08 (38.1 t/ha), M 14.07.6 (51.1 t/ha). It combines low pathogen infestation and higher yields compared to other hybrids.

The scientific research aims to establish the effect of modern insectofungicides Prestige and Respect on the development of potato rhizoctoniosis in agroecosystem crops in the region. The authors evaluated the effectiveness of the preparations under the conditions of production planting of potatoes in JSC “Sea Fields” during the period from 2015 to 2020. Under farm conditions, seed tubers are heavily (on average 38.5%) infested with sclerotia of the fungus R. Solani. Such requirements ensure that the pathogen is transmitted with the planting material yearly. During the study, the authors found that seed dressing reduced the infestation of tubers with the sclerotia form of the rhizoctoniosis pathogen by a factor of 4, thereby ensuring the interruption of the epiphytotic process. Insectofungicides protected potato seedlings already in the early plant growth and development stages. Insectofungicides reduced the number of dead potato seedlings in the field from 8.5% to 0.13%. Rhizoctoniosis in this farm developed on stalks in the form of an epiphytosis. Without seed tubers dressing, the prevalence of rhizoctoniosis was 72% to 88%. And the development of rhizoctoniosis disease was 27.1%, reaching almost 40% in some years. With the application of dressing, the growth of rhizoctoniosis on the stolons decreased by three times and did not exceed 8.8%. The number of damaged stolons was reduced by 2.2 times, and fallen stolons by 2.3 times. Introduction in the technology of growing potatoes dressing of seed tubers by insectofungicides allowed to reduce the total score of plants affected by rhizoctoniosis by 6.8 times. At the same time, the protective effect of insectofungicides Respect and Prestige was identical. The biological efficacy of insectofungicides ranged from 54.9% to 98.8%, while the economic efficiency was 17.7% to 24.2%.

The creation of optimum plant nutrition plays a significant role in increasing farming efficiency. Fertilisers are one of the fastest ways to intensify the cultivation technology of all crops. The application of organic fertilisers derived from chicken manure changes the soil’s nutrient regime and nitrification capacity, its biological activity and improves physical properties. The study aims to identify the comparative evaluation of organic fertilisers based on chicken manure and establish their effect on the productivity of fodder crops (soybean and oats) and soil biological activity. The authors also determined the effectiveness of using poultry manure as an organic fertiliser to preserve soil bioresources. New organic fertilisers based on chicken manure were tested in work, obtained using a cavitation-vortex heat generator by processing semi-dry manure. Their influence on growth, development and biometric indicators of oat and soybean plants, phytosanitary state of crops, yield and grain quality has been revealed. The effect of organic fertilisers from chicken manure on microbiological indicators of soil has been determined. The increase of the oat grain yield was from 0.4 to 0.63 tons/ hectare, or 17% of the control. The output of soybean grain increased significantly by 0.18 to 0.22 t/ha. There was a slight increase in the protein content of seeds (by 1.2-2.6%). It was found that the fertilisers improved the structural indicators of oat and soybean plants. Thus, the weight of grains in oats increased by 18-23%; the number of grains in the panicle also increased by 13%. As for soybean, the number of beans on a plant grown by 14-23%; the weight of grains per plant increased by 16-19%; safety of plants for harvesting increased by 5-7%. Fertilisers based on chicken manure help improve the soil’s microbiological characteristics, which grows the availability of nutrients to plants.

In the Russian Federation, large areas in farms of various forms of ownership are devoted to the potato. The wide range of uses for this crop is particularly relevant to the industry. Cultivation technology in general, particularly some elements of agronomic techniques, may have specific differences depending on the region and the soil and climate zone. An invariable negative biotic factor for any area remains weeds, which account for the agro-technological costs. The biological group and species composition of weeds significantly influence potato yields. Chemical crop protection products (herbicides) have a significant effect in reducing the negative impact of the factor. Therefore, the aim of the study is the effect of different herbicide preparations on weed infestation and potato productivity in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Republic of Khakassia. Experiments were laid from 2018 to 2020 on dark chestnut soil in the steppe zone of the Republic of Khakassia. The authors chose a medium-early potato variety of Siberian selection Tuleevsky as an object of research. The recommended potato cultivation technology for this zone was used in the study. Herbicides were selected for preemergence application (Gezagard, Lazurit, Sukhovey, Tornado), applied 20-25 days after planting, before the mass sprouting of plants. The hydrothermal coefficient changed from 1.68 to 1.85 in the years of research. Using herbicides reduced the number of monocotyledonous weeds by 18,9 - 26,7% and dicotyledonous weeds by 38,5 - 46,1% by the harvest period. Reduction of competition with weeds for life factors allowed increased biometric indicators of potatoes (height of a plant, number of leaves, weight of haulm). The increase of biometric parameters of potatoes has essentially affected the growth of economic productivity of leaves from 9,3 to 13,2 %. The yield of potatoes has increased on 3,6-6,5 t/hectare (at the maximum value at a background of Lazurite preparation) due to the increase of efficiency of work of assimilating apparatus. The use of herbicides on potatoes allows increasing the level of profitability of production by 22,3-56,4%.

The achievement of high yields is the primary objective of modern agricultural production. Increasing the volume of the farm output is the focus of every farmer’s attention. Maise is a highly productive crop with a wide range of applications. The food, industrial, and agro-technical importance of maise point to the need for continuous improvement of cultivation technologies, increasing yields and grain quality under local climate conditions to obtain the highest economic efficiency. The conditions of Western Siberia are characterised by insufficient moisture supply during the growing season. States in Western Siberia are represented by a pronounced continental character with cold, long winters and short, hot summers. Thus, insufficient moisture is a limiting factor for the yield of most crops, including maise, especially in some critical periods. In the present study, the authors evaluated maise yield and structure with and without irrigation. A positive effect of irrigation on the elements of maise yield (length, width and circumference of the cob, number of grains in the row and on the rim, weight of 1000 grains) was noted. The authors also note a significant increase in hybrid Kubansky 101 and Katerina SV yield. The biochemical composition of grain: dry matter, sugars, fat, starch, protein and dextyrins content was studied. It was found that the amount of dry weight in grain on rainfed fields is higher than on irrigated fields, while all other indicators are higher with irrigation.

Most authors recognize that the currently dominant scientific paradigm assumes that genomic rather than functional factors regulate (cause, control) the growth of cranial bones and cranial sutures. In contrast, the authors of this article offer some clarifications to address some unintentional conceptual misconceptions, based primarily on an extensive review of the relevant current literature and their own experience. This article describes the increased modulation of mechanotransduction produced by skeletal muscle activity, to which bone cells respond maximally. The authors describe the actual chain of events that influences the stimulation of bone cell growth. This influence makes it possible to propose a means of controlling these processes and developing new correction methods, including suppression of phenotypic expression. The authors present the results of a study of the effect of mechanical loading of the masticatory muscles with a continuous stretching stimulus to increase the width of extension of the sagittal suture of the experimental animal in vivo. The methodology is described, and objective instrumental control data are presented. The results of statistical processing are also presented. The authors give empirical data in this paper. These experiments prove that chewing load is one of the primary stimuli that generate craniofacial variations, affecting the structure of the cranial suture. The authors conducted the experimental part of the research at the Vivarium of Conventional Animals Collaborative Center of the Federal Research Center of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The main task in dairy farming is the proper breeding of heifers to realise their genetic potential further. The research aims to study the impact of the growth rate of heifers and heifers of Yenisei type of red-motley breed on their subsequent dairy productivity. The research was conducted in the breeding plant of Solgon JSC of the Uzhur district, Krasnoyarsk Territory. The heifer population (1156 heifers) was divided into eight groups according to the age of fertile insemination. The first three groups were fast-growing animals (10-14 months of fertile insemination), the remaining five groups were slow-growing animals (15 months of fertile insemination or older). The authors chose the following indicators to study: live weight, average daily live weight gain, age of first successful insemination and first calving, and milk productivity of cows in 305 days of the first lactation. Fast-growing heifers were found to outperform slow-growing heifers in terms of growth rate. The live weight of fast-growing heifers was 102 grams greater, or 11.6% than that of slow-growing heifers from birth to first fertile insemination. The live weight of fast-growing heifers was 83 grams or 11.3%, more outstanding from birth to first calving. A comparative analysis of the milk production of fast- and slow-growing animals showed no significant difference between the groups on average. However, the difference in milk yield and milk fat and protein between the individual groups was statistically significant. Studies have confirmed that heifers of the Yenisei type can be inseminated quite successfully at an earlier age (12-14 months). Heifers of this type enter the production group more quickly and cost less to raise (by 4,742 roubles or 11.9%), which has an impact on profit (by 5,844 roubles or 30.2%) and profitability levels (by four percentage points or 40%).

Forests cover one-third of the planet’s land surface. Forests are essential for maintaining a clean environment, food security and biodiversity. Forests are also a source of food for animals. In the processing of forest resources, the forest industry accumulates various forest biomass wastes containing valuable and nutritious biologically active substances. The article provides an overview of the current state of the art in applying forest industry waste to feed farm animals and poultry. The authors presented the characteristics of biological properties of plant forestry raw materials and described the mechanism of their action on the animal organism. The authors analysed the results of studies of domestic and foreign scientists on feeding animals and poultry with feed additives containing pine needles and pine nutshells. The authors also characterised the possible advantages and disadvantages of using feed additives. The analysis of Russian and foreign scientific literature in the area under study has shown that forest industry waste in feed production and animal feeding is relevant as the available fodder base does not always allow to satisfy the need of animals for nutrients and biologically active substances. It has been noted that pine needles are used worldwide as a feed additive, but in the countries with the most significant areas of forests and developed forest industry, their use is the most common and effective. The use of cedar nut shells in the feeding of farm animals and poultry is most produced in Russia, while this area is underdeveloped in the world. The literature review has confirmed that using forest industry wastes such as pine nut needles and shells in animal feed production is promising livestock production.

The authors presented the haematological blood parameters of Romanov breed sheep and their association with genotypes according to the β-lactoglobulin locus. Blood plays a significant role in the body as metabolism is carried out. It delivers nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the body organs and removes metabolic waste products and carbon dioxide. The intensity of the metabolic processes can be judged from haematological data. Since blood enzymes, their activity, metabolic levels, and biochemical adaptation are encoded in their genes, the authors believe that the biochemical composition of blood in animals is, to a certain extent, related to their breeding and productive qualities. Identifying patterns of relationship and influence of genetic factors in breeds of different animals is one of the main tasks in the study of breeding features and further improvement and control of breed peculiarities of animals. For our analysis, 40 blood samples were taken from Romanov breed sheep for haematological tests, DNA extraction and PCR. DNA technology in conjunction with other factors should be used to improve the breeding process and the productive traits of the breeds. The haematological status of sheep has been examined on a PCE-90VET (HTI, USA) haematological analyser. The clinical and haematological parameters of Romanov breed sheep of different genotypes indicate high adaptation plasticity and a high level of metabolic processes occurring in the body of animals. The authors found that homozygous β-Lg A/A sheep had 1.5 times the number of leukocytes in the blood compared to heterozygous β-Lg A/B animals.

The authors evaluated the significance of paratypic factors in fat variability in the article. The study looked at the role of fixed effects such as: “Calving Season”, “Calving Year”, “Starting Season”, “Starting Year” and their interacting factors: “Calving Season: Calving Year”, “Starting Season: Starting Year”, “Calving Season: Starting Season”, “Calving Year: Starting Year”. The authors used data from Irmen’s primary zootechnical census of black-and-white cattle (n = 319210) from 2000 to 2020. The role of genetic and paratypical factors was assessed using linear mixed regression models and appropriate statistical methods and criteria. The following were selected as random effects: father, age of fertile insemination and animal identification data. The influence of the fixed characteristics of the prospective mathematical model was evaluated using an analysis of variance. But beforehand, the authors identified different combinations with adjustment for the proportion of random contribution. The grant levels of the estimated factors to the variability of the dependent trait were determined. The authors note the high conjugate variability between predicted and actual milk yields (r = 0,905; p˂ 0,001). A relatively high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0,819) was observed for the test sample. In this case, only phenotypic data were considered in the example when constructing the model. Application of the resulting model to other subpopulations may require additional correction factors as part of regional or federal breeding value index programs.

Today, livestock farming is characterized by intensive development, rapid adoption of technology and an active increase in animal productivity. The genetic potential of dairy cattle allows for increased milk production, but feed remains a limiting factor. High cow productivity, increased reproductive capacity, and long-term economic feed use can only be achieved with a complete, balanced diet containing all-sufficient nutrients. The research was conducted at a breeding farm for red steppe cattle of the Azovskoye CJSC, Azovskoye District, Omsk Region. The dairy productivity of cows is determined by the quality of their feed and the adequacy of their nutrition. Rumen and postrumen digestion, feed intake, productivity, and cattle health depend on the ruminant’s diet value. The total content of nutrients, macro-and micro-nutrients, vitamins and amino acids in the feed is determined to assess the nutritional value of the feed. Equally important are the physical properties of the meal. When formulating diets for high-yielding cows, the main parameters to consider are particle size, particle length of feed raw material or feed fragments, and the amount of bulk grass feed. At the Azovskoye farm, feeding is done from the Hostin feeder-mixer three times a day. Dairy cows are fed large quantities of bulky fodder, which is a rich source of fibre, which accounts for the structural value of the ration. Milk production increases every year. In 2019, for example, 6,747.3 tonnes of milk were produced, increasing 248.9 tonnes compared to 2018. High productivity, reproductive capacity and the longevity of economic use of breeding cows can only be achieved with nutritionally balanced feed.

The article analyses material from sheep domestication to the present state. Data on the world’s leading countries, where sheep breeding is most intensively developed, are given. The largest sheep populations are concentrated in China, Australia, India and Sudan. There are 995 registered local sheep breeds, of which 100 are international cross-border sheep breeds. Many species are continually becoming extinct. Therefore, the problem of preserving the unique gene pool of aboriginal breeds is acute in many countries. More than 20 breeds of sheep are bred in Kazakhstan. Over the last ten years, the number of sheep in the Republic has been between 18.0-20.0 million. The most widespread sheep breeds are Edilbay, Kazakh Arkharmerinos and Kazakh Kurdish coarse-wool sheep. Sheep of the Edilbay breed are bred in 10 regions of Kazakhstan. Edilbay breed is adapted to breeding in areas of dry steppes, semi-desert and desert regions. The article gives a brief zootechnical characteristic of Edilbay sheep and describes the epizootic situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Particular attention is paid to changing the breeding strategy. In further breeding and pedigree work, the aim is to create a sheep population with reduced fat content. A plan has been outlined for comprehensive studies of the sheep gene pool and phenofund, including evaluating protein, carbohydrate, fat and mineral metabolism, chemical, physiological, cytogenetic, molecular-genetic, and other research methods. Water, soil, and feed will be monitored for heavy metals and macronutrients during the experimental work.