NNew data on germ growth processes of dill seeds formed at the first and second branching orders after exposure to short-term heat stress (40 °C) are presented. Morphometric method and analysis of dill seed embryo growth in dynamics were used. The studies were carried out in 20152017 at the All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Growing, a branch of FSBSI FSCVG. Seeds of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) of the variety Centaurus from the first and second branching orders were the object of research. First, seeds were germinated in a thermostat. Then, swollen roots were exposed to a temperature of 40 °C according to the experiment scheme: 0 (control); 1; 2; 3; 4 and 5 days. After incubation, the seeds were transferred to standard conditions (temperature 20 °C) and germinated in Petri dishes on filter paper without light for 21 days. Germ size was measured using image analysis software. Critical embryo length and degree of underdevelopment were determined, and the ratio of embryo length to endosperm length (I _Z/E) was calculated. Logistic regression with four parameters: b, c, d, e., was used to construct a germ growth curve. The relationship between the parameters was assessed using Pearson correlation analysis. The differences were considered statistically significant at P≤0.05. The duration of temperature action, which has an inhibitory effect on embryo growth, germination rate, the number of germinated seeds, were revealed. It was found that the embryos of seeds obtained from different branching orders have different sizes and have different intensity of growth under stress and standard conditions. It was shown that the effect of brief temperature (40 °C) on embryo growth depends on branching order and that embryos of seeds of the second branching order are more sensitive to high temperature. Morphometric parameters of the source were shown to play a critical role in the ability of dill seeds to resist the effect of temperature stressor during germination.

The present review is devoted to intraspecific variability of floral and ornamental plants of the genus Clarkia purch. Family Onagraceae and clarification of the systematic status of the Godetia species introduced into Novosibirsk. Clarkia species from the Godetia and Rhodantos sections are noted for their particular beauty and duration of flowering. A comprehensive study of the influence of environmental conditions on genetic features of populations, ornamental qualities, flowering biology, morphogenesis, organogenesis, seed production and seed quality, agrotechnology’s of growing the above species of Clarkia, for selecting suitable forms and creating local varieties included in the basic assortment of flower crops for climatic conditions of Western Siberia as well as their introduction into urban gardening is necessary. The article discusses taxonomic markers important for determining the systematic position of Clarkia species from Godetia and Rhodantos sections in the family Onagraceae. Experimental data of genetic and cytological analyses carried out by foreign scientists for the last 100 years are presented, which give an idea of morphological, karyological characteristics and genetic variability in various species in the Godetia section. The mechanisms of inheritance of the flower colour trait and numerous variations in the position of the spot on the petals of different clarkia species have been established. Formation of the list of genes responsible for the Clarkia pigmentation system, location and size of the carmine spot will allow targeted selection for qualitative traits. The study of the pattern of multifactorial inheritance of habitus and flower shape traits among C. amoena subspecies contributes to the passage of the most decorative hybrid forms (varieties) as the starting material. In conclusion, a brief overview of promising species of the genus Clarkia from the Godetia and Rhodantos sections for ornamental plant breeding and selection is given.

Plant protection measures in flax cultivation should provide sufficiently clean from weeds, healthy sowings, forming the crop of necessary quality level, corresponding to economic and ecological criteria of modern agrotechnologies. The work aims to find promising herbicidal and protectivestimulating agents for providing cleanness from weeds and the health of flax crops when treating them with new pesticides, contributing to increasing the yield and quality of flax products. According to the classical methodology of scientific agronomy, the main experiments were carried out in the fields of FSBSI Federal Scientific Centre for Bast Crop, Flax Research Institute in the Tver region. As a result of experiments in 2018-2020, the herbicide Shanti and its mixture with Shanstrel 300 showed relatively high biological efficacy in protecting flax against dicotyledonous weeds. Furthermore, the addition of graminicides Haloshans or Cletoshans, growth regulator Artafit or fungicide Zimoshans to anti-wort herbicides did not reduce the effectiveness of the drug mixtures on dicotyledonous weeds and eliminated cereal weeds in crops. Additionally, Artafit and Zimoshans effectively protected flax from pasmo and other diseases, naturally increasing the yield of flax products. Its maximum values in the experiment were obtained in the variant of Artafit application together with herbicides. The use of Artafit had a positive effect on the quality of flax straw, increased it by 1-2 grades (from 2.00 to 2.50).

The main legume crop, pea, is characterised by various morphotypes: leafy, whiskered, chameleon and other morphotypes. These morphotypes are the result of both selection work and spontaneous mutations. The relevance of the research topic is the effect of various factors, including seed treatment, on the different morphotypes. Six varieties and breeding lines of pea sown by Krasnoyarsk Research Institute of Agriculture were taken for the study: leafy Radomir, Kemchug; with the moustached leaf D-94, Ruslan; and having longitudinal heterophyllia L-19, M-6. This work aims to determine the responsiveness and variability of germination and germination energy, as well as seedling length, recorded during these periods, of different morphotypes of pea varieties and breeding lines to seed treatment with a growth stimulant. The experiment was set up in three replications with the growth stimulant treatment sodium humate and three repetitions of the control variant without remedy. Measurements of seedling length, germination energy and germination were carried out on the 4th and 8th day, respectively. The research revealed that the treatment of pea seeds increased the germination energy by 2,28% and reduced its variation by 0,55%. Chameleon morphotype samples are more responsive to treatment. The variability of the coefficient of variation of the germination energy of pea plants of different morphotypes with and without treatment is less than 10%. Stimulant treatment increases the length of seedlings by 6.34% but does not affect the morphotypes separately. The increase in size at treatment is individual for each sample. The variability of variation in the length of seedlings of control and treated examples is insignificant and unique for each model. But this variability in size decreases throughout the experiment: on the 4th day from 1.63 to 1.36, on the 8th day from 0.98 to 0.95%. In determining the germination rate, it was found that the treatment of pea seeds with a growth stimulant increases it by 3.78%. The growth gain is an individual response of each specimen and is weakly dependent on the morphotype.

The potato is one of the most versatile, accessible and at the same time widespread vegetable crops of the globe, and in particular of the Russian Federation. Today notable can be imagined without it. But despite the plasticity of the potato crop, there are still “white spots” in its production. With late and even return spring and early autumn frosts, the climatic features of Siberia significantly affect the crop’s growing season, preventing it from realising its full potential. Like that of many other crops, potato production is associated with seasonality, and there are often significant losses during cultivation and especially during storage. An important challenge is to protect plants during growth and development by applying innovative, environmentally friendly crop protection and stimulation products. Organomineral growth and development regulators were particularly popular. In the work schemes of application of perspective, organomineral growth regulators in conditions of forest-steppe of Western Siberia were tested and perfected. Their influence on the primary phases of growth and development of potatoes and their maturity, and their influence on biometrical parameters of plants, a phytosanitary condition of crops, a crop capacity, and its safety are established. On average, under the influence of growth regulators Epin-Extra and Zircon, the growing season is shortened by 3-5 days; the spread of diseases is reduced by 1.5-2 times; the yield increases to 8.3 tons per hectare. These studies are confirmed by the calculation of economic efficiency. Thus, the use of these growth regulators provides the level of profitability of production up to 252%.

In the field of fodder production, in most cases, low-yielding, old-age grass stands are used. One of the reasons for this is the low availability of grass seeds. For example, over the past 20 years, the production of grass-clover seeds has reduced by 3.4 times. Therefore, priority should be given to the seed production of leguminous grasses (including meadow clover). A large infestation of the arable soil layer with seeds and buds of annual and perennial weeds in almost all arable land in the Primorskiy Region is the most critical factor in reducing the yield of cultivated crops. The development of practical techniques for clearing fields of weeds is one of the vital links in the technology of increasing the output of fodder crops. The research aims to establish the effect of agronomic practices of cultivation and means of protection on the seed yield of meadow clover in the natural and climatic conditions of the Primorskiy Region. Clover is a crop sensitive to herbicides, with a limited period of their application. Therefore, inter-row treatments were carried out before the rows were closed, and chemical treatments were applied before the budding phase to preserve wild pollinators and bees. The varieties Ogonek, SibNIIK-10 and regionalised Kommandor were evaluated. Experimental data on the impact of agronomic practices of meadow clover cultivation and plant protection methods on the weediness of its crops and the yield quality of seeds under the conditions of the Primorskiy region were obtained. The use of herbicides against the background of inter-row treatment during the second year of clover planting helped reduce the weed infestation from 58.3 to 70% and increase the seed yield by 1.1-1.3 times depending on the variety.

The genetic diversity of the world gene pool of collecting samples from the Federal Research Centre of All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after N.I. Vavilov (VIR) was studied in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. N.I. Vavilov (VIR) by economically valuable traits and grain quality. The study was conducted in four stages as the gene pool became available: 2000-2003, 2007-2008, 2009-2012, 2019-2020. A total of 186 samples were studied. The following varieties recommended by the State Commission of the Russian Federation were used as standards: Altai Niva, Omskaya Amber, Zhemchuzhina Sibiri. Sowing was carried out on May 1516 by fallow in the specialised crop rotation of the durum wheat breeding laboratory of the Omsk Research Center. The material received in the first year was studied in plots with an area of 0.25 m2, and in subsequent years 3 m2. Agroclimatic conditions varied from favourable to contrasting temperature and water regimes. In studies of durum wheat samples from the VIR collection of different origins, sources were identified according to their economic value. Of the diversity, only a small part (10%) is of breeding interest and can be used in hybridisation. The sources of high productivity may be the samples k-59881, k-59888, k-60388, k-60364, k-60366, k-60413, k-61303, k-62657, k-62658, k-63126, k-63160, k-64353, k-64355, k-6386, k-64953, k-61619, k-63821, Sladunitsa, k-66887, k-66886, k-66293, k-66294, k-66519, k-66675, k-64488. In terms of grain quality the following crops stood out: k-59881, k-59889, k-60388, k-60364, k-61117, k-61650, k-62657, k-64353, k-64354, k-64355, k-6386, k-17985, k-63821, Sladunitsa, Iride, k-60410. As sources of resistance to stem rust, we offer k-6386, k-6662, k-46983, k-60410, Iride, k-65353, k-65733, k-65734. According to the complex of traits (high productivity, grain quality and resistance to diseases) are of breeding value samples k-59881 (Russia), k-6386 (Georgia), k-65734 (Syria), Sladunitsa (Ukraine) and Iride (Italy).

The literature review presents the current understanding of cholesterol metabolism occurring under physiological conditions. The homeostasis of cholesterol in the body is determined by its endogenous synthesis, the transition to the cell from plasma as part of low-densitylipoproteins( LDL), the release of their cells as part of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). The molecular-genetic mechanisms of regulation of cholesterol homeostasis are described in detail. The genes for cholesterol biosynthesis in major multicellular animals were inherited from their last common eukaryotic ancestor and are evolutionarily conserved for cholesterol biosynthesis. Non-coding variants of singlenucleotide polymorphisms can significantly contribute to the phenotypic variability of cholesterol, and missense variants that lead to the replacement of amino acids in proteins can have a significant effect on the phenotypic variability. The modern aspects of cholesterol homeostasis in cattle are formed and sufficiently fully presented. During absence of exogenous intake, the balance of cholesterol in cattle is maintained by endogenous synthesis, occurring mainly in the liver, the intake of lipoproteins, as well as reverse transport mechanisms. This review gives an idea that the stability of homeostasis can be achieved only with the complex interaction of all systems (transport, enzyme, receptor) involved in this process. The analysis of the latest scientific works concerning the problem of the content and regulation of cholesterol in cow’s milk is presented. Significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms localized in the ACAT2, LDLR, DGAT, and AGPAT1 genes involved in the exchange of cholesterol in the liver or its transport and associated with the level of cholesterol in milk are described. Part of the review is devoted to cholesterol deficiency syndrome in Holstein cattle (HCD). Modern data on the prevalence, molecular and genetic basis, clinical and laboratory manifestations of the syndrome are presented.

The primary purpose of this work is to study the heat stress on the quality of sperm production in boars of different breeds (Large White, Landrace, Duroc, Maxgro). The authors found that heat stress affects the activity of pigs. The desire to reduce heat production leads to sedentary, passive animals, accompanied by decreased appetite, shortness of breath and inhibition of sexual reflexes in individuals. Against this background, the disturbances arising in the body, reinforced by a local increase in scrotal temperature, harm semen quality. The authors observed a tendency for decreased ejaculate volume and a decrease (statistically significant in most breeds) in the sperm concentration in the ejaculate by 11.47-34.96%. But at the same time, the organoleptic values (colour, consistency, smell) did not change. Heat stress hurts the fertility of pigs, reducing the probability of successful embryo implantation. The fertility of sow inseminated with semen from boars during heat stress decreased by 10.3-23.7%. And also, the fertility of the sow did not reach pre-stress levels until the end of the observation. Based on the study results, the authors found that, depending on the breed, pigs can tolerate heat stress in a more severe or milder form. The species Large White and Maxgro are less sensitive to increased ambient temperature (they had fewer changes in general condition, semen and fertility) than Duroc and Landrace pigs.

Today all the monographs, recommendations, instructions, and technologies after the successful experiments on the treatment of bees against European spot disease with penicillin, there are instructions from the NIP (Research Institute of Prevention) to use antibiotics to the treatment of all bee diseases, but especially in the form of prophylactic supplementation. Many antibiotics (chloramphenicol) and nitrofuran-based medicines are now being produced. In addition, all new medications are intensively recommended in all issues of Beekeeping magazine. These drugs are often newly invented, untested remedies that are advertised as a panacea for all diseases. Antibiotics are introduced into honey and bee-bees in the treatment and prevention of bee diseases. When such products are consumed, people develop various diseases with severe and even incurable consequences. With this in mind, the European Union and the United States do not buy and even strictly prohibit honey from China, Brazil, Argentina and Turkey across borders. The Department of Biology, Bioresources and Aquaculture at Novosibirsk State Agrarian University has for the first time developed a technology for keeping bees without the use of drugs. The long-term use of this technology in the apiaries of Western Siberia has made it possible to achieve good preservation of bee families and high honey yields. In addition, the cost of beekeeping products has fallen dramatically, as farms have stopped spending huge sums on purchasing medicines. Scientists have improved and successfully applied heat treatment of bee colonies to combat varroaatosis, nosematosis and viral diseases.

The authors considered organic poultry production and presented a qualitative analysis of the diets used in raising broiler chickens. The authors also evaluated the possibility of switching from traditional diets to diets without chemical and microbial synthesis ingredients based on comparative data on the performance and economics of broiler chicken meat production. Organic requirements prohibit the use of microbial and chemical synthesis and genetically modified products in poultry feed. Obtaining large quantities of poultry products in a short period and at an affordable price involves using all kinds of additives that do not allow the products to qualify as organic. Surveys and opinion polls show that a new layer of consumers is today willing to buy organic poultry meat at a higher price. The aim of this work is to evaluate the possibility of producing organic meat from broiler chickens. The research was carried out at the Berdskaya poultry farm, and the test object was broiler chickens of the Iza cross. The age of broiler chickens ranged from one to 40 days old. The authors compared the effectiveness of traditional industrial diets and diets without microbial and chemical synthesis products. During the experiment, live poultry weight, average daily and gross gains, survival, feed costs and cost-effectiveness were considered. In commercial broiler chickens raised on diets without chemical and microbial synthesis ingredients during slaughter, the average live weight was 64.0% lower than that of broiler chickens in the experimental group. The average daily gain of these same broilers was also 52.9% lower. Feed costs per unit of production in industrial broiler chickens increased 1.7 times with the same survival rate of young animals (92.2%). Increasing the rearing period to 70 days resulted in a 1.4-fold increase in feed costs. The level of profitability decreased by 61.2 %, with a decrease in productivity. Increasing the price per kg of meat by 25 50 100 % would increase the profitability level by 22.4 4.7 -133.5 %, respectively, compared to the traditional method.

Dogs are the definitive hosts of Echinococcus, so not only do they carry a dangerous infestation for farm animals and humans, but they are also exposed to the substantial toxic effects of helminths themselves. The present work aims to find out the pathological impact of Echinococcus on the intestinal microflora and some blood parameters in the organism of affected dogs under the conditions of the Tyumen region. The authors studied the pathological effect of the sexually mature parasites on the host organism in 8 mongrel dogs. The contents were inoculated on special nutrient media, followed by cell counting as part of the bacteriological analysis of fresh animal faeces. Bacteria were identified by microscopy of isolated cultures, examining morphological features and Gram staining. Blood was taken from dogs from the femoral vein in the morning before feeding for general and biochemical analysis. It was found that the digestive tract of the dogs infected with Echinococcus decreased in bifidoand lactobacilli by a factor of 2 (P<0.001) compared with those of intact individuals. Escherichia increased by 1.6 times, Staphylococcus was augmented by 4.1, and Clostridium increased by 8.3 (P<0.001), leading to intestinal dysbacteriosis, digestive disorders, and secondary toxicosis animals. General blood analysis showed a 30.2% reduction in erythrocytes, 26.7% in platelets and 32.4% in haemoglobin. This reduction is the result of the action of toxins in the body of the patients. In the leukoformula, changes are manifested by a slight increase in the proportion of granulocytes (by 6.6%) due to eosinophils (P<0.01) and a decrease in agranulocytes (by 20.0%). Biochemical blood analyses of dogs with echinococcosis showed a 17.7% reduction in total protein and a 3-fold decrease in cholesterol. A 2-fold increase in creatinine and urea, a 3.2fold increase in bilirubin, a 2.6-fold increase in ALT and AST, and a 2-fold increase in alkaline phosphatase indicate inhibition of liver and kidney function.

The authors studied productivity and product quality under industrial poultry production technology. The productivity of broiler chickens of Ross-308 and Hubbard Iza-F-15 was different during floor rearing. Broiler chickens of Ross-308 outperformed Iza-F-15 chickens in body weight and average daily gain. The live weight at the slaughter of Ross-308 chickens was 2,360 g. The live weight of the chickens of Iza-F-15 was 2088 g. The conversion of feed to produce was higher in the chickens of Ross-308 cross by 0,06 kg compared with the chickens of Iza-F-15 and amounted to 1.64 kg per 1 kg of live weight gain. The survival rate was high for Ross-308 chickens (95.8%). The safety of the flock of the Izu-F-15 chickens was 2.2 per cent lower and was 93.6 per cent. Slaughter yield in the chickens cross Ross-308 is higher than in the group of chickens cross Iza-F-15. Meat quality is also better in Ross-308 chickens. Growing broiler chickens of Ross-308 cross for meat under industrial technology allowed to get more profit compared to the use of poultry of Iza-F-15 cross. At the exact cost of feed, 1 kg of live weight gain was 7.1 roubles, and per 1 head of chick was 19.1 roubles. The profitability level is also 12.6% higher for the broiler chickens of Ross-308 cross. The cumulative indicator the European productivity index is higher for chickens of Ross-308 breed, compared with chickens of Iza-F-15 breed on 56 units. This index was 341 and 285, respectively.

The Leningrad Oblast has a rich food base for bees on forest land. Still, currently, there is no regulatory basis for assessing the honey resources of birch forest land at the regional level. Therefore, forest areas with woody, shrubby or herbaceous plants as part of the woody, shrubby or herbaceous layer are used as a forage base for bees. The birch forests of the Leningrad region are the second largest in terms of the area covered. The research aims to carry out an inventory of honey resources and determine honey productivity for the primary honey plants under the birch canopy and forest edges. We used a proven survey methodology for counting plants of the understorey at the experimental sites. The study presented 71 species from 31 families of melliferous plants of blueberry, wormwood and herb-meadow birch forests. Significant melliferous plants under the birch canopy are Aegopodium podagraria L. (herb-twine and sagebrush birch, 57 kilograms/hectare); Vaccinium myrtillus L. (birch bilberry and acidic birch, 27 kilograms/hectare); Veronica chamaedrys L. (acidic birch, 24 kilograms/hectare). Rubus idaeus L. (107 kg/ha) has maximum honey production in the forest margins. The honey yield of Frangula Alnus Mill. and Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop is 50-60 kg/ha; the honey yield of Trifolium medium L. is 32 kg/ha. The evaluation of the birch woodlands showed that the studied components of the forest phytocenosis are characterized by a significant number of honey-bearing plant species that have a wide range of honey productivity.

The authors have studied the genetic value of producers of the aboriginal Kulunda finewool sheep breed based on various analysis methods of the productivity of their progeny. The data on 574 offspring (daughters) received from 16 rams-producers of the “Steptoe” breeding farm of Altai Krai were used in the research. The genotypes of ram progeny were evaluated by the productivity of the rams at one year of age. In assessing the fathers, the number of effective daughters needed to confirm a sufficient number of offspring was calculated. Water, soil, and feed were tested for heavy metals content in the sheep breeding area, which did not exceed the MPC (Maximum Permissible Concentration). The breeding indices of the progeny ranged from 114 to 1562. The live weight of the rams was 120 kg. The live weight of the daughters was 50.0 kg. The sheep (daughters) had a wool gain of 5.7 kilograms per ewe. The authors established a high homogeneity of the genotypes of rams producers in terms of the live weight of daughters. The genetic variability of the fathers was 3.2%. According to productivity indices, the rams-producers (#4452, 26133, 3611, 0125 and 44244) occupied the first five ranks. The effect of the genotypes of ram producers on the daughters’ live weight and wool hair gain was established. The ranking data showed the advantage of daughters in several traits obtained from prepotent producers. The authors suggest that ram sires no. 3611, 0125, 26133 and 44244 should be used extensively to improve breeding efficiency. The authors also applied the Hozo method in the absence of normal distribution of traits. In other cases, data processing by methods of variation statistics was used.

One of the most critical tasks of modern dairy farming is to extend the time of productive use of cows. Studies have shown that the studied herd’s economic benefit ranged from 1005 to 3693 days and averaged 1864. The lifetime milk yield of the cows averaged 20746 kg and lifetime milk fat was 735.4 kg. On the first day of economic use, 10.2 kg of milk was obtained, and on the first day of lactation, the figure was significantly higher at 20.8 kg. The most extended use period for a cow was found to be 1903 days. The average open days were 91-120 days. The highest lifetime productivity was obtained from this group of animals, which was 21909 kg of milk. A further reduction or increase in the length of open days was accompanied by a decrease in economic use and a decrease in the productive life of the cows. When open days were too long (more than 120 days), the productive life of the cows was reduced to 1875 days, and milk productivity was also reduced to 20562 kg of milk. According to the research results, the abundant lifetime life of cows increases with the duration of inter calving period from 11 to 13 months from 14939 to 26582 kg. It was found that productive life milk yield and milk fat decreased with a more extended period between calvings. The age of the first calving had no significant effect on the duration of economic use of the cows. Individuals with first calving at 30 months of age and more excellent than 1993.2 days were best on this trait. However, the highest productive life was shown by animals whose age at first calving was 26-27, 9 months.

The research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of formic acid as an antiparasitic agent against the varroa mite. The research seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of the antiparasitic agent against the varroa mite and to determine the possibility of using formic acid in organic apiculture. The study was carried out in the nomadic apiaries of Volgograd (apiary 1), Olkhovsky (apiary 2) and Dubovsky (apiary 3) districts of the Volgograd region. The nests were formed by the pairing method with 5 experimental and control families in each apiary after the central beehive (end of July, beginning of August) before the preparation of the bee families for wintering by shrinkage. The authors carried out antiparasitic measures using a gel containing 85% formic acid in the experimental groups twice with an interval of two weeks. The gel is contained in sachets of 30 grams each. The authors placed formic acid over the frames under the canvas (at the rate of 1 sachet per bee colony). The experimental results showed that the treatment measures in the experimental groups had a positive effect on all apiaries. In those groups where formic acid was used, the number of mites decreased by 14.3-28.2% and did not exceed 3.8%. At the same time, in the control groups, the number of mites increased. The treatment measures had a positive effect on the overwintering of the bees. Bee mortality in the autumn-winter-spring period in the experimental groups did not exceed 8.3%. In contrast, in the control families, the wastage was no lower than 18.8%. Also, in two apiaries, one family each died in the control groups. Honey productivity, in the end, was also higher in the experimental groups. The experimental groups produced at least 27.42 kg of honey. The control groups had 17.9 kg of honey per family. Profitability in the experimental groups ranged from 40.87 in Apiary 2 to 60.62% in Apiary 3. This was less than 24.47 per cent in the control apiaries.