Equine eyelid neoplasms: current understanding of etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and complex treatment

Periorbital neoplasms are the dominant oncological pathology in equine ophthalmology, which determines the relevance of systematizing current data on this issue. This review is devoted to the analysis and synthesis of modern ideas about the main nosological forms of eyelid tumors, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), sarcoid, hemangiosarcoma, lacrimal gland adenocarcinoma, as well as the clinically significant condition of ectopic cilia. The paper discusses in detail the interaction of etiological factors: ultraviolet radiation, viral agents (BPV, EcPV) and genetic predisposition, in particular the mutation in the DDB2 gene, which in recent years has been recognized as a key risk factor for the development of squamous cell carcinoma in a number of breeds. A comprehensive diagnostic algorithm is presented, including histopathological verification with the use of immunohistochemistry and instrumental imaging methods. The treatment section analyzes modern approaches: surgical excision with reconstructive blepharoplasty, electrochemotherapy, topical and intralesional chemotherapy, immunotherapy and cryosurgery. Special attention is paid to the need for a personalized approach and early intervention to improve the prognosis and preserve visual function in animals.

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