Транскриптомика в XXI веке: обзор достижений и ограничений

Транскриптом, являясь полной совокупностью молекул РНК, транскрибируемых геномом клетки или организма в конкретный момент времени, представляет собой динамический и информативный объект исследований в современной биологии. Его изменчивость и способность отражать реакцию на внутренние и внешние стимулы делают транскриптомный анализ незаменимым инструментом для понимания фундаментальных биологических процессов, разработки диагностических подходов, а также применения в таких областях, как сельское хозяйство, экология и биотехнология. Изучение транскриптома позволяет выявить дифференциальную экспрессию генов в ответ на разнообразные факторы, расшифровать молекулярные механизмы патогенеза заболеваний, идентифицировать потенциальные мишени для терапевтического вмешательства и оптимизировать биотехнологические процессы. В данной работе представлен анализ эволюции транскриптомных технологий в XXI в, охватывающий спектр методических подходов от традиционных методов анализа экспрессии генов, таких как обратная транскрипция с последующей полимеразной цепной реакцией (ОТ-ПЦР) и микрочипы, до современных методов высокопроизводительного секвенирования нового поколения (RNA-seq). Проводится сравнительная оценка преимуществ и недостатков каждого метода, с акцентом на специфику их применения в различных областях, включая медицинскую диагностику, сельское хозяйство, экологические исследования и пищевую промышленность. Особое внимание уделяется обсуждению возможностей и ограничений каждой технологии в контексте решения конкретных задач, таких как идентификация биомаркеров заболеваний, изучение адаптации организмов к изменяющимся условиям окружающей среды и оптимизация биотехнологических процессов.

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