ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF FORESTS IN SIBERIA

The article explores environmental situation in concern of the forests in Siberia and their role as they are very important in the economic aspect. The forests influence the natural processes in the country and bordering countries; they produce bioenergy and oxygen as well. The role of the forests is to influence ionic air regime, purify the air from hazardous gases and dust, reduce noise pollution level etc. The authors found out 1 m³ of the air in Siberian industrial cities contain from 100 to 500 thousands of dust and soot particles whereas the forests contain dust and soot particles 1000 times less. One hectare of forest can keep 32–68 tons of dust a year; developed wooden protective stands (40–45 m width) reduce noise pollution level from the transport on 17–23 dB. Volatile production of the forest appeared to be the important factor of their health-related features. The forests in extremely continental climate of Siberia influence such abiotic environmental factors as wind regime, solar radiation, air and soil temperature regime, precipitation, humidity etc. The publication shows that average yearly wind speed is up to 8 m/sec in bare Siberian tundra, 5 m/sec in sparsely wooded steppe (8 forest cover percent), 4 m/sec in the forest-steppe (18 forest cover percent) and 2.5–3 m/sec in taiga zone (40–50 forest cover percent). Abatement of wind speed influences better climate and V. V. The authors outline that beam solar radiation in the pinetum is 45 %, 30 % in the hardwood and 25 % in spruce forest. Increasing of forest cover percent from 30 to 70 affects low air temperature during vegetation period on 5…13 ºС in regards the average temperature of surrounding area. Soil temperature at a depth of 0.4 meter in December in the forest-steppe area of Western Siberia is –4,7 ºС, and in the southern taiga –1,2 ºС; soil temperature in June in the forest-steppe is +15,6 ºС, and +10 ºС in the southern taiga. Snow cover of leafed forests contains 15–30 % water more and softwood contains 5–10 % water more than in the open biota. Forests influence greatly hydrological regime of rivers. The total square of water-conservation forest in Siberia is 19.6 mln ha. Forests are greatly concerned with wind erosion control and dust whirls damaging the crops. Wind erosion areas in Western Siberia are spread in the steppe zone, mostly in Kulundinskaia steppe covering 17 mln ha. The article declares that crops and sowings margined with permeable shelterbelt produce crop yield 15–20 % higher than that in treeless areas.

1. Kolominova M. V. Osnovy lesovedeniya i okhrany lesov [Ucheb. posobie]. Ukhta, 2004. 91 p.

2. Karlov I. Yu., Nikolaev A. I., Postovalov E. V., Samarin V. V. Organizatsiya lesovosstanovleniya v Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Vestn. NGAU], no. 4 (29) (2013): 41–47.

3. Karpachev S. P., Shcherbakov E. N., Slinchenkov A. N. Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskie, ekologicheskie i tekhnologicheskie problemy razvitiya bioenergetiki v udalennykh lesnykh regionakh Rossii [Lesopromyshlennik], no. 4 (2008): 29–32.

4. Emel’yanova V. G. Okhrana zapovednikov, zakaznikov, pamyatnikov prirody. Moscow, 1975. 64 p.

5. Stepanovskikh A. S. Prikladnaya ekologiya: Okhrana okruzhayushchey sredy [Ucheb. dlya vuzov po ekolog. spets.]. Moscow: YuNITI, 2003. 751 p.

6. Sostoyanie okruzhayushchey sredy i prirodookhrannaya deyatel’nost’: v 2 t. Pod red. V. I. Danilova-Danil’yana. Moscow: VNII prirody Minprirody RF, 1994. 268 p.

7. Balandin R. Mnogo lesa – ne gubi, malo lesa – beregi! [Priroda i chelovek (Svet)], no. 11 (2009): 10–13.

8. Vasilenko N. A. Samoorganizatsiya drevesnykh tsenozov. Vladivostok, 2008. 170 p.

9. Ivashchenko A. S. Ekologicheskie problemy, voznikayushchie pri eksporte lesa, i rol’ tamozhennykh or-ganov v ikh reshenii [Vestn. Tver. gos. un-ta], no. 10 (2008): 86–93.

10. Nezavitin A. G., Naplekova N. N., Erdakov L. N. i dr. Ekologiya i pravovye osnovy ratsional’noe prirodopol’zovaniya: ucheb. posobie. Novosibirsk, 2010. 626 p.

11. Lesnoy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 04.12.2006 № 200 FZ (prinyat GD FS RF 08.11.2006): http:// www.consultant.ru/popular/newwood/.

12. Erofeev B. V. Ekologicheskoe pravo Rossii [Ucheb.], 3-e izd. Moscow: Yurayt- Izdat, 2005. 430 p.

13. Vtorova V. N., Kholopova L. B. Kontsentratsii khimicheskikh elementov v rasteniyakh i pochve i otsenka sostoyaniya lesnykh ekosistem [Lesovedenie], no. 1 (2009): 11–17.

14. Eldyshev Yu.N. Lesa raznye – problemy obshchie [Ekologiya i zhizn’], no. 6 (2010): 24–27.

15. Zakharov V., Morozov A., Yaroshenok A. Estestvennoe razvitie lesnykh ekosistem [EKOSinform], no. 8 (2008): 60–63.

16. Ipat’ev V. Chistaya pochva pod radioaktivnym lesom: real’no li? [Nauka i innovatsii], no. 3 (2008): 36–38.

17. Varaksin V. V. Prirodopol’zovanie i okhrana okruzhayushchey sredy. Ekaterinburg, 2004. 382 p.

18. Koptyug V. Na puti k ustoychivomu razvitiyu tsivilizatsii [Svobodnaya mysl’], no. 14 (1992): 7.

19. Nezavitin A. G., Petukhov V. L., Vlasenko A. N. i dr. Problemy sel’skokhozyaystvennoy ekologii. Novosibirsk, 2000. 255 p.

20. O sostoyanii okruzhayushchey prirodnoy sredy v 1997 godu [Gos. dokl.]. Evraziya, no. 7 (1998): 22–23.

21. Ekologiya, okhrana prirody, ekologicheskaya bezopasnost’ [Ucheb. posobie]. Moscow: MNEPU; Nov’, 2000. 726 p.

22. Ekologiya taezhnykh lesov [Programma Mezhdunar. konf., 14–18 sent.1998 g.]. Syktyvkar, 1998. 30 p.

23. Ekologiya taezhnykh lesov [Tez. dokl. Mezhdunar. konf., 14–18 sent. 1998 g.]. Syktyvkar, 1998. 289 p.

24. Karpachev S. P., Shcherbakov E. N., Grachev I. D. Nekotorye voprosy tekhnologii osvoeniya bioresursov iz lesa dlya nuzhd bioenergetiki [Lesopromyshlennik], no. 1 (49) (2009): 23–28.

25. Karpachev S. P., Shcherbakov E. N., Priorov G. E. Problemy razvitiya bioenergetiki na osnove drevesnogo syr’ya v Rossii [Lesopromyshlennik], no. 1 (49) (2009): 20–22.

26. Korzukhin M. D., Semevskiy F. N. Sinekologiya lesa. Sankt-Peterburg, 1992. 191 p.

27. Lesnoe khozyaystvo i lesnye resursy Respubliki Komi. Moscow, 2000. 511 p.

28. Mel’nik P. «Lesa Evrazii» v Pol’she [Zhivoy les], no. 4 (2009): 102–103.

29. Novosel’tseva A. I. Novye normativnye pravovye dokumenty po okhrane i zashchite lesa [Lesnoe khozyaystvo], no. 4 (2008): 15–17.

30. O ratsional’nom ispol’zovanii, okhrane i vosproizvodstve lesov [EKOSinform], no. 5 (2008): 10–12.

31. Kharlov I. Yu., Nikolaev A. I. Uchet lesnykh resursov i organizatsiya ikh ispol’zovaniya [Vestn. NGAU], no. 3 (28) (2013): 28–33.

32. Osnovy ustoychivogo lesoupravleniya [Ucheb. posobie]. Moscow, 2009. 143 p.

33. Vyshegurov S. Kh., Ponomarenko N. V., Kirgintseva E. A., Dolgushin G. N. Sravnitel’nyy analiz gorimosti lesov Novosibirskoy, Kemerovskoy i Tomskoy oblastey za period s 1987 po 2013 g. [Vestn. NGAU], no. 4 (33) (2014): 23–27.

34. Protiv ognennoy stikhii – vsem mirom [Bezopasnost’ truda v prom-sti], no. 8 (2010): 7–10.

35. Rodzevich N. N. Geoekologicheskaya i khozyaystvennaya rol’ lesov mira [Geografiya i ekologiya v shkole XXI veka], no. 4 (2009): 3–11.

36. Savinov A. I. Osnovnye zadachi lesnogo khozyaystva na sovremennom etape [Lesnoe khozyaystvo], no. 1 (2010): 2–5.

37. Sivakov D. O. Rezhim vodookhrannykh zon: okhrana vod i lesov [Zakonodatel’stvo i ekonomika], no. 10 (2008): 70–72.

38. Simonov V. Kak poborot’ «krasnogo petukha»? [Derevo.RU], no. 3 (2010): 20–23.

39. Romanov E. M. i dr. Ekologiya: ekologicheskiy monitoring lesnykh ekosistem [Ucheb. posobie]. Yoshkar-Ola, 2008. 234 p.

40. Borisov O. Nauchit’sya upravlyat’ pozharami [Okhrana truda i sotsial’noe strakhovanie], no. 9 (2009):

41. 58–61.

42. Eldyshev Yu.N. Teplovoy udar po strane [Ekologiya i zhizn’], no. 9 (2010): 70–78.

43. Izhevskiy S. Taynaya zhizn’ mertvykh derev’ev [Zhivoy les], no. 2 (2010): 20–23.

44. Drobyshev Yu. Pust’ zeleneet les! [Priroda i chelovek. XXI vek], no. 12 (2009): 24–26.

45. Potasheva Yu.I. Soderzhanie tyazhelykh metallov v khvoe sosnovykh nasazhdeniy, nakhodyashchikhsya pod vozdeystviem vybrosov avtomobil’nogo transporta [Izv. vuzov. Lesn. zhurn], no. 2 (2008): 26–29.

46. Romashov Yu.M. Lesnaya politika Rossii: zhelaemoe i deystvitel’noe [EKO. Ekonomika i organizatsiya promyshlennogo proizvodstva], no. 11 (2009): 77–92.

47. Kireeva N. A., Rafikova G. F., Kuzyakhmetov G. G. Mikrobiologicheskaya aktivnost’ zagryaznennykh nefteprorduktami lesnykh pochv [Lesovedenie], no. 3 (2009): 52–58.

48. Usol’tsev V. A. Regional’nye problemy ekosistemnogo lesovodstva [Lesovedenie], no. 5 (2008): 76–78.

49. Shchetinskiy E. A. Osnovy lesoupravleniya [Ucheb. posobie]. Moscow, 2004. 87 p.

50. Krapivin V. F., Potapov I. I. Lesnoy pozhar i radiatsionnyy balans boreal’nogo lesa [Problemy okruzhayushchey sredy i prirodnykh resursov], no. 5 (2010): 77–82.

51. Semyashkina V. T., Loginov A. V., Osipova E. E. Les: komu reshat’ ego sud’bu?: Uchastie mestnogo naseleniya v upravlenii lesami. Syktyvkar, 2002. 85 p.