Ontogenetic features of hormonal status and metabolic profile of pigs in industrial technology

The hormonal and metabolic profile of conditionally healthy Yorkshire pigs of different age and sex groups was studied in an industrial pig farm. A statistically significant effect of age on the level of serum cortisol, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine in the studied pig groups was established. Increased cortisol levels compared to the literature data in almost all pig groups may indicate chronic stress, while increased secretion of thyroid hormones is an adaptive response associated with stress compensation. Biochemical parameters of blood serum in animals of different groups reflect age-related metabolic features. It was shown that the average parameter values for the groups as a whole are within the limits obtained by other authors. It was revealed that with age, there is a decrease in the content of glucose, triglycerides, and urea. At the same time, the level of total protein, albumins, and globulins in the blood serum of the studied pigs gradually increases with age. In some cases, reliable intersexual differences in the level of biochemical parameters were found, in particular, sows exceeded boars in cholesterol content, while the opposite pattern was noted for total protein. In general, the hormonal and metabolic profiles of the herd correspond to the “industrial” status of the complex. The ability to adapt, intensive protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism are obviously fixed by targeted breed selection. The established reference values of the hormonal status and metabolic profile parameters can be used to characterize pigs of high-intensity meat breeds under industrial technology conditions.

1. Morgan L., Raz T., Providing Meaningful Environmental Enrichment and Measuring Saliva Cortisol in Pigs Housed on Slatted Flooring, Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2019, No. 151, pp. e60070.

2. Buteeva S.K., Kochneva M.L., Zhuchaev K.V. [i dr.], Doklady Rossiyskoy akademii sel’skokhozyaystvennykh nauk, 2014, No. 2, pp. 41–43. (In Russ.)

3. Kochneva M.L., Zhuchaev K.V., Ivanova O.A., Borisenko E.A., Innovatsii i prodovol’stvennaya bezopasnost’, 2018, No. 4 (22), pp. 91–97. (In Russ.)

4. Papshev S.V., Zhuchaev K.V., Barsukova M.A., Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya biologiya, 2000, No. 2, pp. 20–26. (In Russ.)

5. Ragimov G.I., Zhuchaev K.V., Kochneva M.L., Gart V.V., Inerbaev B.O., Goncharenko G.M., Deeva V.S., Hereford and Simmental cattle breeds in Siberia: implementation of the adaptive and productive potential in the cold climate, International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 2019, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 9631–9636.

6. Lattin C.R., Kelly T.R., Glucocorticoid negative feedback as a potential mediator of trade-offs between reproduction and survival, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 2020, Vol. 286, pp. 113301.

7. Goldstein D.S., Stress-induced activation of the sympathetic nervous system, Bailliere’s clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1987, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 253–278.

8. Sapolsky R.M., Romero L.M., Munck A.U., How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions, Endocrine reviews, 2000, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 55–89.

9. Turner A.I., Hemsworth P.H., Tilbrook A.J., Susceptibility of reproduction in female pigs to impairment by stress or elevation of cortisol, Domest. Anim. Endocrinol, 2005, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 398–410.

10. De Kloet E.R., Joëls M., Holsboer F., Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease, Nature reviews neuroscience, 2005, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 463–475.

11. Dallman M.F., Akana S.F., Laugero K.D. [et al.], A spoonful of sugar: feedback signals of energy stores and corticosterone regulate responses to chronic stress, Physiology & behavior, 2003, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 3–12.

12. Zhuchaev K.V., Kochneva M.L., Borisenko E.A., Bogdanova O.V., Rep’yuk D.V., Semenov A.A., Eilert A.I., Chubarova I.M., Vestnik NGAU (Novosibirskii gosudarstvennyi agrarnyi universitet), 2016, No. 4, pp. 118–124. (In Russ.)

13. Anokhin S.M., Zhuchaev K.V., Ivanova O.A., Vestnik IrGSKhA, 2019, No. 93, pp. 121–130. (In Russ.)

14. Oster M., Gerlinger Ch., Heide Ka. [et al.], Lower dietary phosphorus supply in pigs match both animal welfare aspects and resource efficiency, Ambio, 2018, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 20–29.

15. Sapolsky R.M., Testicular function, social rank and personality among wild, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1991, Vol. 16, pp. 281–303.

16. Geffré A., Concordet D., Braun J.P. [et al.], Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2011, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 107–112.

17. Dzhaparov E.K., Derkho M.A., Uchenye zapiski Kazanskoi gosudarstvennoi akademii veterinarnoi meditsiny im. NE Baumana, 2019, No. 239(3), pp. 110–117. (In Russ.)

18. Nekrasov R.V., Bogolyubova N.V., Ostrenko K.S., Chabaev M.G. Kut’in I.V. Lakhonin P.D., Semenova A.A., Pchelkina V.A., Nasonova V.V., Loskutov S.I., Rykov R.A., Prytkov Yu.A., Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya biologiya, 2023, Vol. 58(4), pp. 638–659. (In Russ.)

19. Dedkova A.I., Sergeeva N.N., Vestnik agrarnoi nauki, 2010, No. 24(3), pp. 84–87. (In Russ.)

20. Popova O.A., Tat’yanicheva O.E., Aktual’nye voprosy sel’skokhozyaistvennoi biologii, 2018, No. 2(8), pp. 36–40. (In Russ.)

21. Carreras R., Mainau E., Arroyo L. [et al.], Housing conditions do not alter cognitive bias but affect serum cortisol, qualitative behaviour assessment and wounds on the carcass in pigs, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2016, Vol. 185, pp. 39–44.

22. Orlov D.A., Nauchnoe obozrenie, 2014, No. 9–2, pp. 449–453. (In Russ.)

23. Scanes C.G., Lazarus D., Bowen S. [et al.], Postnatal changes in circulating concentrations of growth hormone, somatomedin C and thyroid hormones in pigs, Domestic animal endocrinology, 1987, Vol. 4., No. 4, pp. 253–257.

24. Samsonovich V.A., Yatusevich A.I., Motuzko N.S., Bratushkina E.L., Uchenye zapiski UO VGAVM, 2011, No. 47(2), pp. 83–86. (In Russ.)

25. Donnik I.M., Petrova O.G., Isaeva A.G., Krysenko Yu.G., Agrarnyi vestnik Urala, 2013, No. 5 (111), pp. 12–14. (In Russ.)

26. Yen J.T., Pond W.G., Plasma thyroid hormones, growth and carcass measurements of genetically obese and lean pigs as influenced by thyroprotein supplementation, Journal of animal science,1985, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 566–572.

27. Vestergaard P., Rejnmark L., Mosekilde L., Influence of hyper-and hypothyroidism, and the effects of treatment with antithyroid drugs and levothyroxine on fracture risk, Calcified tissue international, 2005, Vol. 77, pp. 139–144.

28. Williams G.R., Thyroid hormone actions in cartilage and bone, European thyroid journal, 2013, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 3–13.

29. Bassett J.H.D., Williams G.R., Role of thyroid hormones in skeletal development and bone maintenance, Endocrine reviews, 2016, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 135–187.

30. Tarasenko E.I., Konovalova T.V., Osadchuk L.V., Korotkevich O.S., Petukhov V.L., Sebezhko O.I., Vestnik NGAU (Novosibirskii gosudarstvennyi agrarnyi universitet), 2023, No. 4 (69), pp. 294–303. (In Russ.)

31. Gorodetskaya I. V., Vestnik Vitebskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta, 2012, No. 11(3), pp. 28–35. (In Russ.)

32. Yu L., Qiu M., Liu [et al.], Establishing reference intervals for sex hormones and SHBG in apparently healthy Chinese adult men based on a multicenter study, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM), 2018, Vol. 56, No. 7, pp. 1152–1160.

33. Titovskii A.V., Metabolicheskie pokazateli, rezistentnost‘ i funktsional‘noe sostoyanie kory nadpochechnikov i semennikov u khryakov raznykh porod (Metabolic indices, resistance and functional state of the adrenal cortex and testes in boars of different breeds), Avtoref. diss. kand. biol. Nauk, Kursk, 2024, 20 p.

34. Young E.A., Abelson J., Lightman S.L., Cortisol pulsatility and its role in stress regulation and health, Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 2004, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 69–76.

35. Tumbleson M.E., Scholl E., Hematology and clinical chemistry, Leman AD, ed. Diseases of swine, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1981, pp. 27–40.

36. Yu K., Canalias F., Solà-Oriol D. [et al.], Age-related serum biochemical reference intervals established for unweaned calves and piglets in the post-weaning period, Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2019, Vol. 6, pp. 123.

37. Zhang S., Yu B., Liu Q. [et al.], Assessment of hematologic and biochemical parameters for healthy commercial pigs in China, Animals, 2022, Vol. 12, No. 18, pp. 2464.

38. Cincović M., Radović M., Belić I. [et al.], Reference values of hematological, biochemical and endocrinological parameters in the blood of piglets aged 1 and 21 days, Contemporary Agriculture, 2020, Vol. 69, No. 3–4, pp. 34–40.

39. Stevancevic O., Cincović M., Šević R., Age-associated and breed-associated variations in haematological and biochemical variables in Mangalitsa, Mangalitsa × Durock and Large White Pig, Acta scientiae veterinariae, 2019, Vol. 47, pp. 1679.

40. Kholod V.M., Soboleva Yu.G., Baran V.P., Sintserova A.M., Uchenye zapiski UO VGAVM, 2021, No. 57(2), pp. 173– 178. (In Russ.)

41. Aukhatova S.N., Sovremennye naukoemkie tekhnologii, 2004, No. 5, pp. 97–98. (In Russ.)

42. Kozel L.S., Sukach V.L., Milosta O.V., Sel’skoe khozyaistvo - problemy i perspektivy (Agriculture - problems and prospects), Collection of scientific papers, Grodno: GGAU, 2013, No. 20: Veterinariya, pp. 109–115. (In Russ.)

43. Ivanov A.A., Voinova O.A., Ksenofontov D.A., Sravnitel’naya fiziologiya zhivotnykh (Comparative Animal Physiology), Sankt-Peterburg: Lan’, 2022, 416 p. (In Russ.)

44. Urban G.A., Veterinarnaya patologiya, 2012, No. 3 (41), pp. 91–97. (In Russ.)

45. Lodyanov V.V., Ganzenko E.A., Politematicheskii setevoi elektronnyi nauchnyi zhurnal Kubanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 2014, No. 97, pp. 762–775. (In Russ.)

46. Smirnova E.V., Derkho M.A., Uchenye zapiski Kazanskoi gosudarstvennoi akademii veterinarnoi meditsiny im. N.E. Baumana, 2020, No. 242(2), pp. 165–170. (In Russ.)

47. Gritsenko S.A., Derkho M.A., Rebezov M.B., Solomakha S.V., Agrarnaya nauka, 2023, (5), pp. 42–48. (In Russ.)

48. Zhuchaev K.V., Kochneva M.L., Borisenko E.A., Barsukova M.A., Orlov D.A., Petukhov V.L., Ryavkin O.V., Blagopoluchie i potentsial prisposoblennosti lokal’nykh porod svinei Sibiri (Welfare and fitness potential of local pig breeds in Siberia), Novosibirsk, 2022, 218 p. (In Russ.)

49. Shul’gin N.V., Pleshakova V.I., Vlasenko V.S., Zhernosenko A.A., Vestnik Krasnoyarskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 2019, No. 4 (145), pp. 81–87. (In Russ.)

50. Shinkarevich N.A., Vliyanie biologicheski aktivnoi kormovoi dobavki «Vetlaktofor» na obmennye protsessy u suporosnykh svinomatok (The influence of the biologically active feed additive “Vetlactofor” on metabolic processes in pregnant sows), Candidate of Science Dissertation, Sankt-Petetburg, 2023, 200 p. (In Russ.)

51. Figueroa J.L., Lewis A.J., Miller P.S. [et al.], Nitrogen metabolism and growth performance of gilts fed standard corn-soybean meal diets or low-crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets, Journal of animal science, 2002, Vol. 80, No. 11, pp. 2911–2919.

52. Hu J., Zhang Z., Shen W.J. [et al.], Cellular cholesterol delivery, intracellular processing and utilization for biosynthesis of steroid hormones, Nutrition & metabolism, 2010, Vol. 7, pp. 1–25.

53. Perevoiko Zh.A., Kosilov V.I., Izvestiya Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 2014, No. 5 (49), pp. 196–199. (In Russ.)

54. Konotop D.S., Sobolev D.T., Soboleva V.F., Uchenye zapiski UO VGAVM, 2019, T. 55 (4), pp. 46–49. (In Russ.)

55. Pan’kova E.K., Izvestiya Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 2021, No. 3 (89), pp. 292–296. (In Russ.)

56. Yao Y.C., Cai Z.W., Zhao C.J. [et al.], Influence of castration-induced sex hormone deficiency on serum lipid levels and the genes expression in male pigs, Hormone and metabolic research, 2011, Vol. 43, No. 10, pp. 674–680.

57. Deng L., Fu D., Zhu L. [et al.], Testosterone deficiency accelerates early stage atherosclerosis in miniature pigs fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet: urine 1 H NMR metabolomics targeted analysis, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2021, Vol. 476, pp. 1245–1255.