Contemporary aspects of cholesterol metabolism in cattle.

The literature review presents the current understanding of cholesterol metabolism occurring under physiological conditions. The homeostasis of cholesterol in the body is determined by its endogenous synthesis, the transition to the cell from plasma as part of low-densitylipoproteins( LDL), the release of their cells as part of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). The molecular-genetic mechanisms of regulation of cholesterol homeostasis are described in detail. The genes for cholesterol biosynthesis in major multicellular animals were inherited from their last common eukaryotic ancestor and are evolutionarily conserved for cholesterol biosynthesis. Non-coding variants of singlenucleotide polymorphisms can significantly contribute to the phenotypic variability of cholesterol, and missense variants that lead to the replacement of amino acids in proteins can have a significant effect on the phenotypic variability. The modern aspects of cholesterol homeostasis in cattle are formed and sufficiently fully presented. During absence of exogenous intake, the balance of cholesterol in cattle is maintained by endogenous synthesis, occurring mainly in the liver, the intake of lipoproteins, as well as reverse transport mechanisms. This review gives an idea that the stability of homeostasis can be achieved only with the complex interaction of all systems (transport, enzyme, receptor) involved in this process. The analysis of the latest scientific works concerning the problem of the content and regulation of cholesterol in cow’s milk is presented. Significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms localized in the ACAT2, LDLR, DGAT, and AGPAT1 genes involved in the exchange of cholesterol in the liver or its transport and associated with the level of cholesterol in milk are described. Part of the review is devoted to cholesterol deficiency syndrome in Holstein cattle (HCD). Modern data on the prevalence, molecular and genetic basis, clinical and laboratory manifestations of the syndrome are presented.

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