vestngauВестник университета биотехнологийVestnik University of biotechnologiy3033-8433Publishing Centre “Zolotoy Kolos” of Novosibirsk State Agrarian University10.31677/2072-6724-2023-69-4-253-271vestngau-2170Research ArticleВЕТЕРИНАРИЯ И ЗООТЕХНИЯVETERINARY MEDICINE AND ANIMAL SCIENCEСостояние популяций медоносных пчёл Apis mellifera L. при росте пестицидной нагрузки в агроценозахThe state of populations of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., with an increase in the pesticide load in agroce- nosesОсинцеваЛ. А.OsintsevaL. A.

доктор биологических наук, профессор

Новосибирск

Doctor of Biological Sciences, prof.

Novosibirsk

lao08@mail.ruНовосибирский государственный аграрный университетРоссияNovosibirsk State Agrarian UniversityRussian Federation20231501202404253271Copyright © Осинцева Л.А., 20242024Осинцева Л.А.Osintseva L.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vestngau.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2170

   В настоящее время общепризнано, что пестициды играют существенную роль в снижении численности насекомых, которое наблюдается по всему миру. Проведён анализ причин беспрецедентных потерь пчелиных семей Apis mellifera L. при использовании средств защиты растений в агроценозах. Обобщается текущее состояние знаний по оценке влияния пестицидов на нецелевые объекты: медоносных пчёл и другие виды пчелиных – опылителей растений. Описаны механизмы и особенности избирательного воздействия инсектицидов из группы неоникотиноидов, бутенолидов и на основе фипронила. Помимо прямого летального воздействия наблюдается снижение жизнеспособности и последующая гибель пчелиных семей в результате изменения когнитивных способностей рабочих пчёл, репродуктивного потенциала маток и трутней, изменения иммунного статуса пчелосемьи и этологических характеристик насекомых. Приведены примеры негативного влияния на популяции медоносных пчел различных регионов Российской Федерации при использовании пестицидов в агроценозах. Отмечена роль органического сельского хозяйства в сохранении медоносных пчёл и других опылителей, обеспечивающих получение сопоставимого с системой интегрированной защиты растений урожая энтомофильных культур. Изложены меры предотвращения сокращения популяций медоносных пчёл в результате пестицидных токсикозов: 1) соблюдение требований нормативно-правовых документов; 2) обеспечение пасек оптимальной кормовой базой; 3) исключение высокотоксичных инсектицидов из программ защиты энтомофильных культур; 4) реализация адаптивного потенциала медоносных пчёл в меняющихся экологических условиях окружающей среды; 5) переход к органическому земледелию при возделывании энтомофильных культур.

   It is generally recognised that pesticides play a significant role in the decline in the number of insects observed worldwide. The analysis of the causes of unprecedented losses of Apis mellifera L. bee colonies has been carried out. When using plant protection products in agrocenoses. The current state of knowledge on assessing the impact of pesticides on non–target objects is summarised as honey bees and other types of bee pollinators of plants. The mechanisms and features of selective exposure of insecticides from the group of neonicotinoids, butenolides and based on fipronil are described. In addition to direct lethal effects, there is a decrease in the viability and subsequent death of bee colonies as a result of changes in the cognitive abilities of worker bees, the reproductive potential of queens and drones, changes in the immune status of bee colonies and the etiological characteristics of insects. Examples of the negative impact on honeybee populations of various regions of the Russian Federation when using pesticides in agrocenoses are given. The role of organic agriculture in the conservation of honey bees and other pollinators, providing a yield comparable to the integrated plant protection system of entomophilic crops, is noted. Measures to prevent the reduction of honey bee populations due to pesticide toxicosis are outlined: 1. Compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents; 2. Providing apiaries with an optimal feed base; 3. Exclusion of highly toxic insecticides from entomophilic crop protection programs; 4. Realisation of the adaptive potential of honey bees in changing environmental conditions; 5. Transition to organic farming in the cultivation of entomophilic crops.

медоносные пчелыApis mellifera L.пестицидыбезопасностьhoney beesApis mellifera L.pesticidessafetyReferencesThreat Ahead? An Experts’ Opinion on the Need for Red Lists of Bees to Mitigate Accelerating Extinction Risks – The Case of Austria / S. Kratschmer, H. Zettel, E. Ockermüller [et al.] // Bee World. – 2021. – Vol. 98, N 3. – P. 74–77. – DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2021.1940734.Kratschmer S., Zettel H., Ockermüller E. [et al.], Threat Ahead? An Experts’ Opinion on the Need for Red Lists of Bees to Mitigate Accelerating Extinction Risks – The Case of Austria, Bee World, 2021, Vol. 98, No. 3, pp. 74–77, DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2021.1940734.Sаnchez-Bayo F., Wyckhuys K. A.G., Sаnchez-Bayo F. Worldwide decline of the entomofauna : A review of its drivers // Biological Conservation. – 2019. – Vol. 232. – P. 8–27. – doi: 10.1016/J.BIOCON.2019.01.020.Sanchez-Bayo F., Wyckhuys K.A.G., Sanchez-Bayo F., Worldwide decline of the entomofauna : A review of its drivers, Biological Conservation, 2019, Vol. 232, pp. 8–27, doi: 10.1016/J.BIOCON.2019.01.020.Safeguarding pollinators and their values to human well-being / S. Potts, V. Imperatriz-Fonseca, H. Ngo [et al]. // Nature. – 2016. – Vol. 540. – P. 220–229. – doi: 10.1038/nature20588.Safeguarding pollinators and their values to human well-being / S. Potts, V. Imperatriz-Fonseca, H. Ngo [et al], Nature, 2016, Vol. 540, pp. 220–229, doi: 10.1038/nature20588.Lu C., Warchol K.M., Callahan R.A. In situ replication of honey bee colony collapse disorder // Bull Insectol. – 2012. – Vol. 65. – Р. 99–106.Lu C., Warchol K.M., Callahan R.A., In situ replication of honey bee colony collapse disorder, Bull Insectol, 2012, Vol. 65, pp. 99–106.A national survey of managed honey bee 2015–2016 annual colony losses in the USA / K. Kulhanek, N. Steinhauer, K. Rennich [et al.] // Journal of Apicultural Research. – 2017. – Vol. 56. – P. 328–340. – doi: 10.1080/00218839.2017.1344496.Kulhanek K., Steinhauer N., Rennich K. [et al.], A national survey of managed honey bee 2015–2016 annual colony losses in the USA, Journal of Apicultural Research, 2017, Vol. 56, pp. 328–340, doi: 10.1080/00218839.2017.1344496.Honey bee colony loss rates in 37 countries using the COLOSS survey for winter 2019–2020: the combined effects of operation size, migration and queen replacement / A. Gray, N. Adjlane, A. Arab [ et al.] // Journal of Apicultural Research. – 2023. – Vol. 62, N 2. – P. 204–210. – DOI: 10.1080/00218839.2022.2113329.Gray A., Adjlane N., Arab A. [et al.], Honey bee colony loss rates in 37 countries using the COLOSS survey for winter 2019–2020: the combined effects of operation size, migration and queen replacement, Journal of Apicultural Research, 2023, Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 204–210, DOI: 10.1080/00218839.2022.2113329.A review of the effects of agricultural intensification and the use of pesticides on honey bees and their products and possible palliatives / D.C. Blettler, J. A. Biurrun-Manresa, G. A. Fagúndez // Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. – 2022. – Vol. 20, N 4. – Р. 40–51.Blettler D.C., Biurrun-Manresa J.A., Fagúndez G.A., A review of the effects of agricultural intensification and the use of pesticides on honey bees and their products and possible palliatives, Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 2022, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 40–51.Пономарев А. Отравление пчел пестицидами в России. Уроки 2019 года. [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://naturalbeekeeping.ru/articles/otravlenie-pchel-pestitsidami-v-rossii-uroki-2019-goda/ (дата обращения: 20. 03. 2023).Ponomarev A., Otravlenie pchel pestitsidami v Rossii. Uroki 2019 goda. (Poisoning of bees with pesticides in Russia. Lessons from 2019.): https://naturalbeekeeping.ru/articles/otravlenie-pchel-pestitsidami-v-rossii-uroki-2019-goda/. (In Russ.)Любимов А. Угрожает ли массовая гибель пчел продовольственной безопасности страны // Российская газета – Экономика Сибири. – 2023. – № 92. [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://rg.ru/2023/04/27/reg-sibfo/ugrozhaet-li-massovaia-gibel-pchel-prodovolstvennoj-bezopasnosti-strany.html (дата обращения: 12. 08. 2023).Lyubimov A., Rossiiskaya gazeta-Ehkonomika Sibiri, 2023, No. 92: https://rg.ru/2023/04/27/reg-sibfo/ugrozhaet-li-massovaia-gibel-pchel-prodovolstvennoj-bezopasnosti-strany.html. (In Russ.)Наумкин В.П., Велкова Н.И. Антропогенное воздействие на медоносные растения и пчёл // Пчеловодство. – 2023. – № 3. – С. 4–6.Naumkin V.P., Velkova N.I., Pchelovodstvo, 2023, No. 3, pp. 4–6. (In Russ.)Bee pollination outperforms pesticides for oilseed crop production and profitability / C. Rui, B. Vincent, P. Thomas[et al.] // Proc. R. Soc. B. – 2019. – Vol. 286. – P. 1550–1550. – doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1550.Rui C., Vincent B., Thomas P. [et al.], Bee pollination outperforms pesticides for oilseed crop production and profitability, Proc. R. Soc. B, 2019, Vol. 286, pp. 1550–1550, URL: http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1550.Perrot T., Bretagnolle V., Gaba S. Environmentally friendly landscape management improves oilseed rape yields by increasing pollinators and reducing pests // Journal of Applied Ecology. – 2022. – Vol. 59. – Р. 1825–1836. – doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.14190.Perrot T., Bretagnolle V., Gaba S., Environmentally friendly landscape management improves oilseed rape yields by increasing pollinators and reducing pests, Journal of Applied Ecology, 2022, Vol. 59, pp. 1825–1836, doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.14190.Neonicotinoid pesticide applications affect pollinator abundance and visitation, leading to implications for sunflower production (Helianthus annuus L.) / M. S. Saleem, M. F. Akbar, M. A. Javed, A. Sultan // Cogent Food & Agriculture. – 2023. – Vol. 9, N 1. – P. – DOI: 10.1080/23311932.2023.2258773.Saleem M.S., Akbar M.F., Javed M.A., Sultan A., Neonicotinoid pesticide applications affect pollinator abundance and visitation, leading to implications for sunflower production (Helianthus annuus L.), Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2023, Vol. 9, No. 1, DOI: 10.1080/23311932.2023.2258773.Leach A., Pecenka J., Kaplan I. Does IPPM bear fruit? Evaluating reduced-risk insecticide programmes on pests, pollinators and marketable yield // Journal of Applied Ecology. – 2022. – Vol. 59. – P. 2993–3002. – doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.14294.Leach A., Pecenka J., Kaplan I., Does IPPM bear fruit? Evaluating reduced-risk insecticide programmes on pests, pollinators and marketable yield, Journal of Applied Ecology, 2022, Vol. 59, pp. 2993–3002, doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.14294.Соловьева Л.Ф. Исследование опасности пестицидов для пчел // Пчеловодство. – 2003. – № 2. [Электронный ресурс] – URL: https://beejournal.ru/borba-s-boleznyami-i-vreditelyami/2893-issledovanie-opasnosti-pestitsidov-dlya-pchel.Solov’eva L.F., Pchelovodstvo, 2003: https://beejournal.ru/borba-s-boleznyami-i-vreditelyami/2893-issledovanie-opasnosti-pestitsidov-dlya-pchel. (In Russ.)Quantifying the impact of pesticides on learning and memory in bees / H. Siviter, J. Koricheva, M.J.F. Brown [et al.] // J. Appl. Ecol. – 2018. – Vol. 55. – P. 2812–2821. – doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13193.Siviter H., Koricheva J., Brown M.J.F. [et al.], Quantifying the impact of pesticides on learning and memory in bees, J. Appl. Ecol, 2018, Vol. 55, P. 2812–2821, doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13193.The weakest link: Haploid honey bees are more susceptible to neonicotinoid insecticides / A. Friedli, G. R.Williams, S. Bruckner [et al.] // Chemosphere. – 2020. – Vol. 42. – doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125145.Friedli A., Williams G.R., Bruckner S. [et al.], The weakest link: Haploid honey bees are more susceptible to neonicotinoid insecticides, Chemosphere, 2020, Vol. 42, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125145.Negative effects of neonicotinoids on male honeybee survival, behaviour and physiology in the field / L. Straub, L. Villamar-Bouza, S .Bruckner [et al.] // Journal of Applied Ecology. – 2021. – Vol. 58. – P. 2515–2528. – doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.14000.Straub L., Villamar-Bouza L., Bruckner S. [et al.], Negative effects of neonicotinoids on male honeybee survival, behaviour and physiology in the field, Journal of Applied Ecology, 2021, Vol. 58, pp. 2515–2528, doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.14000.Demortain D. The science behind the ban: the outstanding impact of ecotoxicological research on the regulation of neonicotinoids // Current Opinion in Insect Science. – 2021, Vol. 42. – P. 2-17. – doi: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.02.017.Demortain D., The science behind the ban: the outstanding impact of ecotoxicological research on the regulation of neonicotinoids, Current Opinion in Insect Science, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.02.017.Uh P., Brühl C.A. The Impact of Pesticides on Flower-Visiting Insects: A Review with Regard to European Risk Assessment // Environ Toxicol Chem. – 2019. – Vol. 38. – P. 2355–2370. – doi: 10.1002/etc.4572.Uh P., Brühl C.A., The Impact of Pesticides on Flower-Visiting Insects : A Review with Regard to European Risk Assessment, Environ Toxicol Chem, 2019, Vol. 38, pp. 2355–2370, doi: 10.1002/etc.4572.Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields / C.H. Krupke, G.J. Hunt, B.D. Eitzer [et al.] // PLoS One. – 2012. – Vol. 7. – e29268.Krupke C.H., Hunt G.J., Eitzer B.D. [et al.], Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields, PLoS One, 2012, Vol. 7, e29268.EFSA Review of the evidence on bee background mortality/ EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR) / A.H. Jerez, P. Adriaanse, Ph. Berny [et al.] // EFSA Journal. – 2022. – Vol. 20, N. 1.Antonio Hernandez Jerez, Paulien Adriaanse, Philippe Berny [et al.], EFSA Review of the evidence on bee background mortality/ EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR), EFSA Journal, 2022, Vol. 20, No. 1.Seed treatment with neonicotinoid insecticides does not affect the foraging behavior of honey bees / K. Chandrakumara, K. Muralimohan [et al.] // Apidologie. – 2023. – Vol. 54 (29). – doi: 10.1007/s13592-023-01007-x.Chandrakumara K., Muralimohan K. [et al.], Seed treatment with neonicotinoid insecticides does not affect the foraging behavior of honey bees, Apidologie, 2023, Vol. 54 (29), doi: 10.1007/s13592-023-01007-x.Wood T.J., Goulson D. The environmental risks of neonicotinoid pesticides : A review of the evidence post 2013 // Environ Sci Pollut Res. – 2017. – Vol. 24. – P. 17285–17325.Wood T.J., Goulson D., The environmental risks of neonicotinoid pesticides : A review of the evidence post 2013, Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2017, Vol. 24, pp. 17285–17325.Rortais A., Arnold G., Dorne J.-L. Risk assessment of pesticides and other stressors in bees: Principles, data gaps and perspectives from the European food safety authority // Science of the Total Environment. – 2017. – Vol. 587. – P. 524–537.Rortais A., Arnold G., Dorne J.-L., Risk assessment of pesticides and other stressors in bees: Principles, data gaps and perspectives from the European food safety authority, Science of the Total Environment, 2017, Vol. 587, pp. 524–537.O’Neal S., Anderson T.D., Wu-Smart J.Y. Interactions between pesticides and pathogen susceptibility in honey bees // Current Opinion in Insect Science. – 2018. – Vol. 26. – P. 57–62. – doi: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.006.O’Neal S., Anderson T.D., Wu-Smart J.Y., Interactions between pesticides and pathogen susceptibility in honey bees, Current Opinion in Insect Science, 2018, Vol. 26, pp. 57–62, doi: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.006.Long-term field-realistic exposure to a next-generation pesticide, flupyradifurone, impairs honey bee behaviour and survival / S. Tosi, J. C. Nieh, A.Brandt [et al.] // Communications Biology. – 2021. – Vol. 4, No. 1. – P. 805. – doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02336-2.Tosi S., Nieh J.C., Brandt A. [et al.], Long-term field-realistic exposure to a next-generation pesticide, flupyradifurone, impairs honey bee behaviour and survival, Communications Biology, 2021, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 805, doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02336-2.Unravelling the molecular determinants of bee sensitivity to neonicotinoid insecticides / C. Manjon, B.J. Troczka, M. Zaworra [et al.] // Current Biology. – 2018. – N 28. – Р. 1137–1143. – doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.045.Manjon C., Troczka B.J., Zaworra M. [et al.], Unravelling the molecular determinants of bee sensitivity to neonicotinoid insecticides, Current Biology, 2018, No. 28, pp. 1137–1143, doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.045.Field rates of Sivanto (flupyradifurone) and Transform(R) (sulfoxaflor) increase oxidative stress and induce apoptosis in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) / P. Chakrabarti, E.A. Carlson, H.M. Lucas [et al.] // PLoS One. – 2020. – Vol.15. – doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233033.Chakrabarti P., Carlson E.A., Lucas H.M. [et al.], Field rates of Sivanto (flupyradifurone) and Transform(R) (sulfoxaflor) increase oxidative stress and induce apoptosis in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), PLoS One, 2020, Vol. 15, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233033.Exposure to thiamethoxam during the larval phase affects synapsin levels in the brain of the honey bee / D.A. Tavares, T.C. Roat, E.C.M. Silva-Zacarin [et al.] // Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. – 2019. – Vol. 169. – P. 523–528. – doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.048.30. Tavares D.A., Roat T.C., Silva-Zacarin E.C.M. [et al.], Exposure to thiamethoxam during the larval phase affects synapsin levels in the brain of the honey bee, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2019, Vol. 169, pp. 523–528, doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.048.Apitox - The COLOSS Task Force to Investigate the Impact of Pesticides on Bees / N.S. Delso, P. Mędrzycki, F. Sgolastra [et al.] // Bee World. – 2022. – Vol. 99, N 1. –P. 32–34. – DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2021.2016291.Delso N.S., Mędrzycki P., Sgolastra F., [et al.], Apitox - The COLOSS Task Force to Investigate the Impact of Pesticides on Bees, Bee World, 2022, Vol. 99, No. 1, pp. 32–34, DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2021.2016291.Калинникова Т.Б., Гатиятуллина А.Ф., Егорова А.В. Токсическое действие пестицидов на пчел : обзор // Российский журнал прикладной экологии. – 2021. – № 3 (27). – С. 50–57.Kalinnikova T.B., Gatiyatullina A.F., Egorova A.V., Rossiiskii zhurnal prikladnoi ehkologii, 2021, No. 3 (27), pp. 50–57. (In Russ.)Илларионов А.И., Деркач А.А. Токсикодинамика медоносной пчелы при различных путях поступления неоникотиноидиых инсектицидов в организм насекомых // Вестник Воронежского государственного аграрного университета. – 2009. – Вып. 1 (20). – С. 23–28.Illarionov A.I., Derkach A.A., Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 2009, Vyp. 1 (20), pp. 23–28. (In Russ.)Synergistic mortality between a neonicotinoid insecticide and an ergosterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicide in three bee species / F. Sgolastra, P. Medrzycki, L. Bortolotti [et al.] // J. Pest. Manag. Sci. – 2017. – Vol. 73. – P. 1236–1243. – doi: 10.1002/ps.4449.Sgolastra F., Medrzycki P., Bortolotti L. [et al.], Synergistic mortality between a neonicotinoid insecticide and an ergosterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicide in three bee species, J. Pest. Manag. Sci, 2017, Vol. 73, pp. 1236–1243, doi: 10.1002/ps.4449.Ricke D.F., Lin C.H., Johnson R.M. Pollen Treated with a Combination of Agrochemicals Commonly Applied During Almond Bloom Reduces the Emergence Rate and Longevity of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Queens // J. Insect Sci. – 2021. – Vol. 21(6) – P. 5. – DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab074. PMID: 34723328.Ricke D.F., Lin C.H., Johnson R.M., Pollen Treated with a Combination of Agrochemicals Commonly Applied During Almond Bloom Reduces the Emergence Rate and Longevity of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Queens, J. Insect Sci, 2021, Vol. 21 (6), pp. 5, DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab074. PMID: 34723328.Iwasaki J.M., Hogendoorn K., Iwasaki J.M. Non-insecticide pesticide impacts on bees : A review of methods and reported outcomes // Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. – 2021. – Vol. 314. – doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2021.107423.Iwasaki J.M., Hogendoorn K. Iwasaki J.M., Non-insecticide pesticide impacts on bees : A review of methods and reported outcomes, Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment, 2021, Vol. 314, doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2021.107423.Tosi S., Nieh J.C. Lethal and sublethal synergistic effects of a new systemic pesticide, flupyradifurone (Sivanto(R)), on honeybees // Proceedings. Biological Sciences. – 2019. – Vol. 286. – doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0433.Tosi S., Nieh J.C., Lethal and sublethal synergistic effects of a new systemic pesticide, flupyradifurone (Sivanto(R)), on honeybees, Proceedings. Biological Sciences, 2019, Vol. 286, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0433.Effects of sublethal doses of glyphosate on honeybee navigation / M.S. Balbuena, L. Tison, M.L. Hahn [et al.] // The Journal of experimental biology. – 2015. – Vol. 218 (17). – P. 2799–2805.Balbuena M.S., Tison L., Hahn M.L. [et al.], Effects of sublethal doses of glyphosate on honeybee navigation, The Journal of experimental biology, 2015, Vol. 218 (17), pp. 2799–2805.Honey bee queen health is unaffected by contact exposure to pesticides commonly found in beeswax / A. McAfee, J.P. Milone, B. Metz [et al.] //Sci Rep. – 2021. – Jul 26, Vol. 11 (1). – DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94554-1.McAfee A., Milone J.P., Metz B. [et al.], Honey bee queen health is unaffected by contact exposure to pesticides commonly found in beeswax, Sci Rep., 2021, Jul 26, Vol. 11 (1), DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94554-1.Milone J.P., Tarpy D.R. Effects of developmental exposure to pesticides in wax and pollen on honey bee (Apis mellifera) queen reproductive phenotypes // Sci Rep. – 2021. – Vol. 11 (1). – P. 1020. – doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80446-3.Milone J.P., Tarpy D.R., Effects of developmental exposure to pesticides in wax and pollen on honey bee (Apis mellifera) queen reproductive phenotypes, Sc.i Rep, 2021, Vol. 11 (1), pp. 1020, doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80446-3.Sublethal exposure to clothianidin during the larval stage causes long-term impairment of hygienic and foraging behaviours of honey bees / N. Morfin, P.H. Goodwin, A. Correa-Benitez [et al.] // Apidologie. – 2019. – N 50. – Р. 595–605. – doi: 10.1007/s13592-019-00672-1.Morfin N., Goodwin P.H., Correa-Benitez A. [et al.], Sublethal exposure to clothianidin during the larval stage causes long-term impairment of hygienic and foraging behaviours of honey bees, Apidologie, 2019, No. 50, pp. 595–605, doi: 10.1007/s13592-019-00672-1.Tong L., Nieh J.C., Tosi S. Combined nutritional stress and a new systemic pesticide (flupyradifurone, Sivanto(R)) reduce bee survival, food consumption, flight success, and thermoregulation // Chemosphere. – 2019. – Vol. 237. – P. 124408. – doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124408.Tong L., Nieh J.C., Tosi S., Combined nutritional stress and a new systemic pesticide (flupyradifurone, Sivanto(R)) reduce bee survival, food consumption, flight success, and thermoregulation, Chemosphere, 2019, Vol. 237, 124408, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124408.Деркач А.А., Илларионов А.И. Обоснование приемов защиты медоносной пчелы от инсектицидов в агроценозах // Защита и карантин растений. – 2021. – № 12. – С. 7–10.Derkach A.A., Illarionov A.I., Zashchita i karantin rastenii, 2021, No. 12, pp. 7–10. (In Russ.)Осинцева Л.А. Экология медоносной пчелы, Apis mellifera L.: влияние пестицидов и других антропогенных факторов. – Новосибирск, 1999. – 45 с.Osintseva L.A., Ehkologiya medonosnoi pchely, Apis mellifera L.,: vliyanie pestitsidov i drugikh antropogennykh faktorov (Ecology of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L.: influence of pesticides and other anthropogenic factors), Novosibirsk, 1999, 45 p.Toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides on different honey bee genotypes D. Laurino, A. Manino, A. Patetta [et al.] // Bulletin of Insectology. – 2013. – Vol. 66 (1). – P. 119–126.Laurino D., Manino A., Patetta A. [et al.], Toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides on different honey bee genotypes, Bulletin of Insectology, 2013, Vol. 66 (1), pp. 119–126.Organic beekeeping in Russia / L.A. Osintseva, V.L. Petukhov, A.I. Zheltikov [et al.] // BIO Web Conf. – 2021. – Vol. 36: International Scientific and Practical Conference “Fundamental Scientific Research and Their Applied Aspects in Biotechnology and Agriculture” (FSRAABA 2021). – DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20213606022; https://www.bio-conferences.org/articles/bioconf/abs/2021/08/bioconf_fsraaba2021_06022/bioconf_fsraaba2021_06022.html.Osintseva L.A., Petukhov V.L., Zheltikov A.I. [et al.], Organic beekeeping in Russia, BIO Web Conf., 2021, Vol. 36, International Scientific and Practical Conference “Fundamental Scientific Research and Their Applied Aspects in Biotechnology and Agriculture” (FSRAABA 2021), DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20213606022, https://www.bio-conferences.org/articles/bioconf/abs/2021/08/bioconf_fsraaba2021_06022/bioconf_fsraaba2021_06022.html.The rejection of synthetic pesticides in organic farming has multiple benefits / C.A. Brühl, J.G. Zaller, M. Liess [et al.] // Trends in Ecology & Evolution. – 2021. – doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.11.001.Brühl C.A., Zaller J.G., Liess M. [et al.], The rejection of synthetic pesticides in organic farming has multiple benefits, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.11.001.Organic farming positively affects honeybee colonies in a flower-poor period in agricultural landscapes / D. Wintermantel, J.-F. Odoux, J. Chadœuf [et al.] // J. Appl. Ecol. – 2019. – Vol. 56. – P. 1960–1969. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13447.Wintermantel D., Odoux J.-F., Chadœuf J. [et al.], Organic farming positively affects honeybee colonies in a flower-poor period in agricultural landscapes, J. Appl. Ecol, 2019, Vol. 56, pp. 1960–1969, doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13447.Осинцева Л.А. Кормовая база пчеловодства Новосибирской области. – Новосибирск, 2005. – 74 с.Osintseva L.A., Kormovaya baza pchelovodstva Novosibirskoi oblasti (Feed base for beekeeping in the Novosibirsk region), Novosibirsk, 2005, 74 p.Characterization of Apis mellifera Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Lactic Acid Bacteria for Honeybee Protection-A Review / A. Nowak, D. Szczuka, A. Górczyńska [et al.] // Cells. – 2021. – Mar 22, Vol. 10 (3). – P. 701. – DOI: 10.3390/cells10030701. PMC article.Nowak A., Szczuka D., Górczyńska A. [et al.], Characterization of Apis mellifera Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Lactic Acid Bacteria for Honeybee Protection-A Review, Cells, 2021, Mar 22, Vol. 10 (3), pp. 701, DOI: 10.3390/cells10030701. PMC article.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.